Correct Answer: c) Indian Independence Act, 1947

Explanation:
– The Indian Independence Act, 1947 (passed by the British Parliament) provided for the partition of British India into two independent dominions—India and Pakistan—effective 15 August 1947.
– The Government of India Acts of 1919 and 1935 only introduced constitutional reforms and did not authorize partition.

Correct Answer: b) M.A. Jinnah

Explanation:
– The slogan “Divide and Quit” was raised by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, leader of the All-India Muslim League.
– It was a counter to the Congress’s “Quit India” movement of 1942. Jinnah demanded that the British should first partition India to create Pakistan (“divide”) and then leave (“quit”).
– Hence, M.A. Jinnah is the correct choice.

Correct Answer: b) Mahatma Gandhi

Explanation: This line was part of Mahatma Gandhi’s Quit India speech delivered on 8 August 1942 at Gowalia Tank Maidan, Bombay. He called for “Do or Die,” saying, “We shall either free India or die in the attempt; we shall not live to see the perpetuation of slavery,” launching the Quit India Movement.

Correct Answer: d) Subhash Chandra Bose

Explanation:
– Subhash Chandra Bose assumed command of the Indian National Army (INA) in 1943 after arriving in Southeast Asia and reorganized it under the Provisional Government of Azad Hind.
– He gave the famous battle cry “Chalo Dilli” (March to Delhi) to inspire the INA to liberate India.
– Others in the options played different roles: Mohan Singh first raised the INA in 1942; Rash Behari Bose helped form the Indian Independence League and handed leadership to Subhash Bose; Shah Nawaz Khan was an INA officer but not the supreme leader who coined the “Chalo Dilli” call.

Correct Answer: a) Simon Commission

Explanation:
– In 1927, the British government appointed the Simon Commission to review the working of the Government of India Act, 1919.
– The commission had seven members, all British; no Indian was included.
– This exclusion outraged Indians across the political spectrum—Congress, sections of the Muslim League, and other groups—leading to nationwide protests with the slogan “Simon Go Back.”
– Thus, it accentuated discontent among all political groups and parties.

Correct Answer: b) Mahatma Gandhi

Explanation:
– Young India was an English weekly launched and edited by Mahatma Gandhi in 1919 to spread nationalist ideas and mobilize public opinion during the freedom movement. He also brought out the Gujarati weekly Navajivan.
– Eliminations:
– Bal Gangadhar Tilak started Kesari (Marathi) and Mahratta (English).
– Annie Besant started New India and Commonweal.
– Maulana Abul Kalam Azad started Al-Hilal and Al-Balagh.

Correct Answer: d) Theodore Beck

Explanation:
– Theodore Beck was the British Principal of the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental (M.A.O.) College, Aligarh, in the 1880s–1890s.
– He supported Sir Syed Ahmad Khan’s loyalist stance and urged Muslims to keep away from the Indian National Congress, thereby fostering a separate political identity among Muslims in that period.
– He was associated with initiatives like the United Indian Patriotic Association (1888), which opposed the Congress and promoted loyalism.

Why others are incorrect:
– William Morris: A British writer and socialist; no link to Aligarh politics.
– Minto: Viceroy of India (1905–1910), associated later with separate electorates, not Principal of M.A.O. College.
– Dunlop Smith: A British official (private secretary to Lord Minto), not connected as Principal of M.A.O. College.

Correct Answer: a) Har Dayal

Explanation:
– Lala Har Dayal went to the United States in 1911 and received an opportunity to teach Indian philosophy at the University of California (often referenced in exam sources; he also lectured at Stanford).
– The others do not fit:
– Virendranath Chattopadhyay (Chatto) was active mainly in Europe.
– Sohan Singh Bhakna was a labor leader and the founding president of the Ghadar Party, not an academic.
– Shyamji Krishna Varma was based in the UK/Europe and associated with India House, not the University of California.

Correct Answer: a) Lord Hardinge

Explanation:
– On 23 December 1912, during his ceremonial state entry into Delhi (after the decision to shift the capital from Calcutta), a bomb was thrown at Viceroy Lord Hardinge.
– He was wounded in the attack and one of his attendants was killed.
– The act was carried out by Indian revolutionaries linked to Rash Behari Bose; Basanta Kumar Biswas is often identified as the thrower.
– Hence, the incident is associated with Lord Hardinge, not with Minto, Curzon, or Wavell.

Correct Answer: b) Lala Lajpat Rai

Explanation:
– The ‘safety-valve theory’ is the idea that the Indian National Congress was founded (by A.O. Hume with the tacit support of the British, especially Lord Dufferin) as a “safety valve” to let off nationalist steam through mild, constitutional methods and thus prevent a revolutionary upsurge.
– Lala Lajpat Rai, an Extremist leader, was the first to use this theory explicitly to criticize and attack the Moderate leadership of the Congress, notably in his work “Young India” (1916).
– He argued that the Moderate, petitionary approach suited the British design of containing nationalism. (Later historians have largely rejected the safety-valve thesis, but it was an important Extremist critique at the time.)