The correct answer is: d) All of these.

Explanation:

Poverty determination involves assessing the extent and severity of poverty in a population. The following measures are commonly used for this purpose:

1. Poverty Gap Index: This measures the intensity of poverty by calculating the average shortfall of income or consumption from the poverty line. It provides insight into how far below the poverty line the poor are, on average.

2. Head Count Ratio: This is a simple measure that calculates the proportion of the population living below the poverty line. It gives an idea of the prevalence of poverty but does not account for the depth or severity of poverty.

3. Sen Index: This is a more comprehensive measure that combines the Head Count Ratio, Poverty Gap Index, and inequality among the poor. It provides a broader understanding of poverty by considering both its extent and distribution.

Since all these indices contribute to measuring and understanding poverty, the correct answer is “All of these”.

The correct answer is: NSSO

Explanation: The National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) is the organization responsible for collecting data on various socio-economic aspects in India, including poverty. It conducts large-scale surveys and provides statistical data that helps in understanding the poverty levels, employment, consumption patterns, and other related indicators in the country.

The other options are not correct because:
– MGNERGA (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act) is a government scheme aimed at providing employment to rural households, not collecting poverty data.
– SJSRY (Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana) is a scheme for urban employment and poverty alleviation, but it does not collect data on poverty.
– None of these is incorrect because NSSO does collect poverty-related data.

Hence, the correct answer is NSSO.