Explanation:

Chronological order of Alauddin Khalji’s conquests among the given options:
– Jaisalmer (1299–1300): Subjugation of the Bhati Rajputs came early in his Rajputana campaigns.
– Ranthambore (1301): Hammiradeva was defeated after a prolonged siege.
– Chittor (1303): Captured from Rawal Ratan Singh; the fort was renamed Khizrabad temporarily.
– Warangal (1309–10/1310): Conquered during Malik Kafur’s Deccan expedition; Kakatiya Prataparudra submitted.

Thus, the correct sequence is 2 → 1 → 4 → 3.

Explanation:

Adi Karmyogi (Beta) — A Responsive Governance Initiative — was launched by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs in June 2025. The ‘Adi’ prefix is commonly used by this ministry for its tribal-centric programmes (e.g., PM Aadi Adarsh Gram Yojana, Adi Mahotsav), and the initiative aligns with MoTA’s mandate to improve governance and service delivery in tribal areas.

Hence, the correct code is ‘Only 4’.

Explanation:

Biogas is produced by anaerobic digestion of organic matter. Its major constituents are methane (about 50–70%) and carbon dioxide (about 30–45%), with traces of H2S, H2, N2, and water vapor.

– Option 1 (1 and 3): Correct — Methane and carbon dioxide are the two major components of biogas.
– Option 2 (3 and 4): Incorrect — Carbon monoxide is not a major component of biogas; CO is typical of producer gas/syngas from gasification, not anaerobic digestion.
– Option 3 (2 and 3): Incorrect — Butane is not produced in biogas; it is a component of LPG.
– Option 4 (1 and 2): Incorrect — Includes butane, which is not a constituent of biogas.

Explanation:

The Gobi Desert spans southern Mongolia and northern China, chiefly across the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and parts of Gansu. It does not extend into Russia or Kazakhstan—mountain ranges and intervening basins (Altai, Sayan, Tian Shan) lie between the Gobi and those countries.
– Statements 1 and 2 are correct (Mongolia and China).
– Statement 3 (Russia) is incorrect: the Gobi does not reach Russian territory.
– Statement 4 (Kazakhstan) is incorrect: Kazakhstan’s deserts (e.g., Kyzylkum, Betpak-Dala) are distinct and west of the Gobi.
Therefore, only 1 and 2 are correct.

Explanation:

Chronology with key dates:
– Second Anglo-French War (Second Carnatic War): 1749–1754
– First Anglo-Mysore War: 1767–1769
– First Anglo-Afghan War: 1839–1842
– First Anglo-Sikh War: 1845–1846
Thus, the correct order is 2, 1, 4, 3.

Explanation:

Chronological order by date:
– Sanyasi (Fakir-Sanyasi) Rebellion: c. 1760s–1800 (triggered after the 1770 Bengal famine; earliest among the four)
– Indigo Revolt: 1859–60 (peasant uprising in Bengal against European indigo planters)
– Kuka (Namdhari) Uprising: 1871–72 (notable incidents at Amritsar and Malerkotla, followed by harsh British reprisals)
– Pabna Uprising: 1873–76 (agrarian leagues in Pabna, Bengal, against zamindari oppression)

Thus, the correct sequence is 4 (Sanyasi), 2 (Indigo), 3 (Kuka), 1 (Pabna) → Option 4.

Explanation:

Evaluate each pair:
– Part IV-A – Fundamental Duties: Correct. Part IV-A (Article 51A) contains Fundamental Duties (added by the 42nd Amendment, 1976).
– Part VI – The States: Correct. Part VI (Articles 152–237) deals with the States.
– Part XI – The Municipalities: Incorrect. Part XI (Articles 245–263) concerns Relations between the Union and the States. Municipalities are covered under Part IX-A (Articles 243P–243ZG).

Therefore, only pair 3 is NOT correctly matched. Hence, Option 2 is correct.

Explanation:

1. Bushman – Kalahari Desert: Correct. The San/Bushmen traditionally inhabit the Kalahari region (Botswana, Namibia, South Africa).
2. Eskimo – Northern Canada: Correct. Inuit/Eskimo populations live across the Arctic, including northern Canada.
3. Pygmy – Congo Basin: Correct. Pygmy groups (e.g., Mbuti, Aka, Baka) are indigenous to the Congo Basin rainforests of Central Africa.
4. Masai – West Africa: Incorrect. The Maasai are pastoralists of East Africa (southern Kenya and northern Tanzania), not West Africa.
Hence, only pair 4 is not correctly matched.

Explanation:

Carrying capacity of the environment refers to the level of resource use and waste generation that can be sustained without degrading the ecosystem. Two core conditions are: (a) resource extraction must not exceed the rate of natural regeneration, and (b) waste emissions must not exceed the environment’s assimilative (absorption) capacity.

Evaluation of statements:
1. Incorrect. It says extraction should remain above generation, which directly contradicts sustainability principles. For renewable resources, extraction must be at or below regeneration. For non-renewables (with virtually no regeneration), any positive extraction must be offset by substitution—so certainly not “above” generation.
2. Correct. Waste generation must stay within the environment’s absorption capacity to avoid accumulation and damage.

Hence, only statement 2 is correct. Therefore, Option 1.

Explanation:

Both statements are true, and the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.

– The Himalayas exhibit altitudinal zonation: as altitude increases, temperature generally decreases (~6.5°C per 1000 m), and moisture and exposure also vary. This leads to distinct climatic belts and hence different vegetation types.
– Consequently, vegetation changes from tropical/subtropical forests at the foothills to temperate broadleaf and coniferous forests, then to sub-alpine forests, alpine meadows, and tundra-like vegetation at higher elevations. Thus, climatic variation with altitude explains the diversity of vegetation.