Explanation:

Statement 1 is correct: Under the Delhi Government’s Bio-decomposer Spray Programme, the Pusa bio-decomposer solution is prepared and sprayed free of cost for farmers in Delhi to help decompose paddy stubble in-situ into manure, thereby curbing stubble burning.

Statement 2 is correct: The bio-decomposer (Pusa Decomposer) was developed by IARI and is a microbial consortium made from several fungi that produce enzymes to break down lignocellulosic straw, accelerating its conversion into manure.

Explanation:

Pair-wise verification:
– Maolong – Arunachal Pradesh: Incorrect. Maolong (often spelled Mawlong) is in Meghalaya, not Arunachal Pradesh. Arunachal’s notable coal deposit is Namchik–Namphuk (Changlang district).
– Raniganj – West Bengal: Correct. Raniganj Coalfield is a major coalfield in West Bengal (Bardhaman belt), operated largely by ECL.
– Ramgarh – Jharkhand: Correct. Ramgarh coalfield/area is in Ramgarh district, Jharkhand under CCL.
– Talcher – Odisha: Correct. Talcher Coalfield lies in Angul district, Odisha under MCL.
Thus, pairs 2, 3, and 4 are correct, while 1 is not. Hence, Option 2 is correct.

Explanation:

• Chandauli: According to the India State of Forest Report (ISFR) 2023, Chandauli district had a forest cover of 21.63% of its total geographical area. This is more than 20%.
• Shravasti: The ISFR 2023 states that Shravasti district had a forest cover of 20.95% of its total geographical area. This also exceeds the 20% threshold.
• Bahraich: The ISFR 2023 shows that Bahraich district’s forest cover was 10.15% of its total geographical area, which is less than 20%.

Explanation:

Correct chronological order: 3 → 4 → 1 → 2.
– Gandhi–Irwin Pact (3): 5 March 1931 — suspended the Civil Disobedience Movement and enabled Gandhi to attend the Round Table Conference.
– Second Round Table Conference (4): September–December 1931.
– Poona Pact (1): 24 September 1932 — agreement between Gandhi and Ambedkar after the Communal Award.
– End of Civil Disobedience Movement (2): April 1934 — Gandhi finally withdrew the movement.

Explanation:

Statements 1 and 2 are correct. In December 1911, at the Delhi Durbar, King George V announced both the annulment of the 1905 Partition of Bengal and the transfer of the imperial capital from Calcutta to Delhi (implemented in 1912).

Statement 3 is incorrect because the Congress–Muslim League Lucknow Pact took place in 1916, not 1911.
Hence, Option 1 (1 and 2) is correct.

Explanation:

Statement 1: Correct. In terrestrial ecosystems, green plants convert only a very small fraction of the sunlight incident on their leaves into chemical energy—about 1% on average. This is a standard NCERT fact and reflects low photosynthetic (ecosystem-level) conversion efficiency.

Statement 2: Correct. This reflects Lindeman’s 10% law: roughly 10% of the energy (embodied in organic matter/biomass) at one trophic level is transferred to the next higher level of consumers; the remainder is lost via respiration, heat, and waste. While exact efficiencies vary, “around 10%” is the accepted rule-of-thumb.

Therefore, both statements are correct.

Explanation:

Correct matching:
A. Appalachian → United States of America (4): The Appalachian coalfield spans the eastern U.S., from Pennsylvania to Alabama.
B. Lancashire → England (1): The Lancashire coalfield is in northwest England (UK).
C. Ruhr → Germany (2): The Ruhr region in North Rhine–Westphalia is Germany’s classic coal and industrial area.
D. Kuzbass → Russia (3): Kuzbass (Kuznetsk Basin) is a major coal basin in southwestern Siberia, Russia.

Explanation:

Assertion (A) is true: Babur’s memoirs, the Tuzuk-i-Baburi (Baburnama), were originally written in Chagatai Turki, his mother tongue; they were later translated into Persian in Akbar’s reign.
Reason (R) is false: The official language of the Mughal court and administration was Persian, not Turki. Although Babur personally used Chagatai Turki, Persian functioned as the court/administrative language throughout the Mughal period (formally continuing until replaced by the British in 1837).
Hence, (A) is true but (R) is false. Therefore, option 3 is correct.

Explanation:

Assertion (A): True. India ranks among the very top globally in mobile gaming by user base; industry reports (e.g., Lumikai/Google, 2023) place India as the second-largest gaming market by number of gamers (well over 500 million), the overwhelming majority of whom are on mobile. Only China has more gamers.

Reason (R): False. India does not yet have more than 950 million internet users according IE, According to PIB – True

Explanation:

Assertion (A) is true: Much of interior Australia (the Outback) is arid or semi-arid, including the Great Victoria, Great Sandy, Gibson, and Simpson Deserts. This is due to the subtropical high-pressure belt (descending dry air around 25–35°S), continentality and distance from coasts, rain shadow from the Great Dividing Range in the east, and the cool West Australian Current reducing moisture along the west coast.

Reason (R) is false: Northern Australia lies largely north of the Tropic of Capricorn (~23.5°S) and is in the tropical zone with a tropical monsoon climate. The temperate zone mainly applies to southern Australia and Tasmania.

Therefore, (A) is true but (R) is false. Hence, Option 3 is correct.