Explanation:

Exercise ‘KHANJAR’ is the bilateral Special Forces exercise between India and Kyrgyzstan. Its 12th edition (KHANJAR-XII) was held in March 2025 with Kyrgyzstan.
Why others are incorrect:
– Russia: India–Russia conduct the ‘INDRA’ series, not ‘KHANJAR’.
– Turkmenistan: There is no India–Turkmenistan exercise named ‘KHANJAR’.
– Mongolia: India–Mongolia conduct ‘Nomadic Elephant’ (and Mongolia hosts the multilateral ‘Khan Quest’), not ‘KHANJAR’.
Hence, only Kyrgyzstan fits.

Explanation:

Statement 1 is incorrect: The ISA is indeed the first treaty-based intergovernmental organization headquartered in India (Gurugram). However, the membership figure “38” is wrong. ISA membership is much higher (100+ signatories and 80+ ratifications in recent years), and the number is dynamic. Since the statement clubs both facts, the incorrect member count makes the entire statement false.

Statement 2 is correct: The World Solar Bank (also referred to as a Global/World Solar Bank) was proposed under the aegis of the ISA to mobilize finance for solar projects across member countries. The One Sun One World One Grid (OSOWOG) initiative—launched as the Green Grids Initiative–OSOWOG at COP26 by India and the UK—is being advanced with the ISA as a key platform/secretariat and implementing partner; thus it is taken forward under the ISA’s umbrella.

Explanation:

Correct mapping:
– A. Gurumahisani → Odisha (3): Located in Mayurbhanj district; one of the earliest iron-ore mining sites developed by TISCO.
– B. Bailadila → Chhattisgarh (4): Major NMDC iron-ore deposits in Dantewada (Bastar region).
– C. Noamundi → Jharkhand (1): In West Singhbhum; a key Tata Steel captive mine.
– D. Kudremukh → Karnataka (2): In Chikkamagaluru district; operated by KIOCL.

Thus, Option 4 (A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2) is correct.

Explanation:

The International Booker Prize is jointly awarded to the book’s author and its English translator. In 2025, Banu Mushtaq and Deepa Bhasthi were named as co-winners (author–translator pair) for the prize; hence both 1 and 2 are correct. Sanjay Chauhan is a Hindi film screenwriter who passed away in 2023 and had no association with the 2025 International Booker, so 3 is incorrect. Therefore, the correct option is 1 (1 and 2).

Explanation:

Kudankulam is in Tamil Nadu (Tirunelveli) → 2; Kakrapar is in Gujarat (near Surat) → 4; Kaiga is in Karnataka (Uttara Kannada) → 1; Rawatbhata (RAPS, near Kota) is in Rajasthan → 3.

Therefore A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3. 

Explanation:

Correct chronological order of the Buddhist Councils by place is: Rajagriha (1st) → Vaishali (2nd) → Pataliputra (3rd) → Kundalvana (4th). Mapping to the given list: 2, 1, 4, 3.

Justification:
– 1st Council: Rajagriha (Sattapanni cave), under Ajatashatru, soon after the Buddha’s parinirvana; led by Mahakassapa.
– 2nd Council: Vaishali, about a century later, under Kalasoka, addressing disputes over monastic discipline.
– 3rd Council: Pataliputra, under Ashoka (c. 3rd century BCE), led by Moggaliputta Tissa; purification of the Sangha and dispatch of missions.
– 4th Council: Kundalvana (Kashmir), under Kanishka (c. 1st–2nd century CE), associated with the Sarvastivadin tradition.

Explanation:

Tenures: Neelam Sanjiva Reddy (1977–1982), R. Venkataraman (1987–1992), K.R. Narayanan (1997–2002), A.P.J. Abdul Kalam (2002–2007). Chronologically from earliest to latest: 1 → 4 → 2 → 3.
– Option 1 (1, 4, 2, 3): Correct sequence as per actual tenures.

Explanation:

– pH 7 is neutral at 25°C. Acids have pH < 7 and bases (alkalis) have pH > 7.
– Statement 1: “Acidic solutions have pH more than 7” — Incorrect (it should be less than 7).
– Statement 2: “Basic solutions have pH less than 7” — Incorrect (it should be greater than 7).
– Therefore, neither statement is correct.

Explanation:

Nepali (added by the 71st Constitutional Amendment, 1992), Dogri and Bodo (both added by the 92nd Constitutional Amendment, 2003) are included in the Eighth Schedule. Bhojpuri is not among the 22 scheduled languages. Therefore, only statement 4 (Bhojpuri) is NOT included.

Explanation:

Chronological order by formation: (4) Dandekar and Rath (early 1970s; seminal study on poverty line), (1) Lakdawala Committee/Expert Group (set up late 1980s; report 1993), (3) Tendulkar Committee (set up 2005; report 2009), (2) Rangarajan Committee (set up 2012; report 2014). Hence: 4, 1, 3, 2.