Explanation:

In a typical 70 kg adult male, approximate total body contents are: copper ≈ 0.08–0.12 g, iron ≈ 3–4 g, sodium ≈ 90–110 g, and potassium ≈ 120–160 g. Hence the correct increasing order is copper < iron < sodium < potassium, i.e., 3, 4, 1, 2

Explanation:

Assertion (A) is true: National integration is a multi-dimensional process encompassing political (constitutional and administrative unity), economic (equitable development), social (eradicating communal/caste/regional divides), cultural (respecting and accommodating diversity), and psychological (a sense of common nationhood) dimensions, and it requires inter-relations among these.

Reason (R) is also true: The National Integration Council (NIC) was constituted in 1961 under Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru to review threats to national integration—such as communalism, casteism, regionalism, and linguism—and to promote the ideal often encapsulated as ‘Unity in Diversity’.

However, (R) does not correctly explain (A). (R) states an institutional fact about the NIC’s establishment and guiding ideal; it does not explain why the concept of national integration necessarily involves multiple interrelated dimensions. Therefore, both statements are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

Explanation:

Statement 1 is correct: Dolphins and whales (cetaceans) are mammals that breathe atmospheric air through blowholes—modified nostrils located on top of the head. Toothed whales (including dolphins) have a single blowhole; baleen whales have two. They do not extract oxygen from water.

Statement 2 is correct: Earthworms lack lungs or gills and respire through their moist, vascularized skin by diffusion (cutaneous respiration).

Explanation:

Pushkar is a town in Ajmer district, Rajasthan. The event termed “Pushkar Kumbh Mela 2025” was organized at Pushkar Lake in May 2025, hence it pertains to Rajasthan only.

Therefore, only State 1 (Rajasthan) is correct.

Explanation:

A → 2: Shri Osamu Suzuki is the long-time leader of Suzuki Motor Corporation, pivotal to India’s automobile sector (Maruti Suzuki) — Trade & Industry.
B → 3: Shri M. T. Vasudevan Nair is an eminent Malayalam writer and Jnanpith laureate — Literature & Education.
C → 4: Shri D. Nageshwar Reddy is a renowned gastroenterologist, founder of the Asian Institute of Gastroenterology — Medicine.
D → 1: Shri Lakshminarayana (L.) Subramaniam is a celebrated violinist and composer — Art (Music).

Explanation:

Assertion (A) is correct: in the Delhi Sultanate, territory/revenue domains were divided into khalisa (crown land under direct administration of the Sultan, revenue going straight to the treasury) and assigned lands (iqtas; often loosely called jagirs in later usage). Though the precise Sultanate-era term is ‘iqta’ rather than ‘jagir’, the statement captures the basic division.
Reason (R) is false: jagirs/iqtas were not lands under the direct control of the State; they were revenue assignments to nobles/officials (jagirdars/iqtadars) in lieu of salary, with the state retaining ultimate ownership but not day-to-day administration. It is khalisa, not jagir, that denotes land directly controlled by the State.
Hence, (A) is true but (R) is false.

Explanation:

Assertion (A) is true: Major perennial rivers like the Indus, Ganga, and Brahmaputra (and their tributaries) originate in the Himalayas.

Reason (R) is also true: The higher ranges (especially the Great Himalaya/Himadri) are snow-covered and glacier-clad throughout the year. This perennial snow and extensive glaciation supply sustained meltwater, especially in the dry season, which—along with monsoonal rainfall—keeps these rivers flowing year-round.

Hence, (R) correctly explains why the Himalayan rivers are perennial. Therefore, Option 4 is correct.

Explanation:

Statement 1 is incorrect: MISHTI (Mangrove Initiative for Shoreline Habitats & Tangible Income) was announced in the Union Budget 2023-24, not in 2019. It is to be implemented through convergence of funds such as CAMPA and MGNREGA, among others.
Statement 2 is correct: MISHTI aims to restore and expand mangrove forests through plantation along coastlines and saltpan lands, enhancing coastal protection and livelihoods.
Hence, only statement 2 is correct.

Explanation:

Pairs asked for NOT correctly matched:
– 1. Baglihar Dam – Chenab: Correct. Baglihar (J&K) is on the Chenab River.
– 2. Pandoh Dam – Ravi: Incorrect. Pandoh Dam is on the Beas River (Mandi, HP), part of the Beas project, diverting water to the Sutlej; not on Ravi.
– 3. Srisailam Dam – Tungabhadra: Incorrect. Srisailam Dam is across the Krishna River (Andhra Pradesh–Telangana border). The major dam on Tungabhadra is the Tungabhadra (Hospet) Dam.

Explanation:

BIMSTEC has seven members: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. Thailand is a founding member (1997), while Nepal and Bhutan joined in 2004. Indonesia is not a member of BIMSTEC (it is part of ASEAN and IORA, but not BIMSTEC). Hence, among the given countries, only Indonesia is not a member.