Q: Critically examine the relevance of Durkheim’s views on religion in contemporary society.

Model Answer:

Emile Durkheim on Religion

Émile Durkheim’s views on religion, developed in the early 20th century, continue to influence modern sociology. His work “The Elementary Forms of Religious Life” (1912) established religion as a key sociological topic, emphasizing its social origins and functions. While Durkheim’s ideas offer valuable insights, the significant social and cultural changes since his time necessitate a critical reexamination of his perspectives in today’s diverse global context.

1. Religion as a Social Fact

Durkheim argued that religion is fundamentally a social phenomenon, not just an individual belief system. This perspective remains relevant as we observe how religious practices continue to shape social norms, values, and collective behavior in many societies. However, the increasing secularization and individualization in some parts of the world challenge the universality of this view.

2. Collective Consciousness

Durkheim’s concept of religion as a source of collective consciousness still holds merit. Religious institutions and practices continue to foster social cohesion and shared identity in many communities. For example, large-scale religious gatherings or shared rituals reinforce group solidarity. However, in diverse, multicultural societies, this function may be fulfilled by other social institutions or ideologies.

3. Sacred vs. Profane

The distinction between sacred and profane elements in society remains observable, though the boundaries have shifted. In secular societies, certain political ideologies, scientific principles, or even celebrity culture may take on quasi-religious significance, demonstrating the enduring human need for sacred elements in social life.

4. Totemism and Symbolism

Durkheim’s analysis of totemism can be extended to modern forms of symbolism. National flags, corporate logos, or even social media icons serve as contemporary totems, embodying collective identities and values. This shows the continued relevance of Durkheim’s insights into the symbolic nature of social life.

5. Functionalist Perspective

Durkheim’s functionalist approach to religion, emphasizing its role in maintaining social order, remains partially applicable. Religious institutions still play significant roles in education, welfare, and moral guidance in many societies. However, this perspective may overlook the potential for religion to be a source of conflict or social division.

6. Secularization and New Forms of Spirituality

The rise of secularization in many societies challenges some of Durkheim’s assumptions about the universality of religion. However, the emergence of new forms of spirituality, New Age movements, and the persistence of religion in many parts of the world suggest that his core insights about the social nature of belief systems remain relevant.

In conclusion, Durkheim’s views on religion, while requiring some reinterpretation, continue to provide valuable frameworks for understanding religion’s role in contemporary society. His work remains foundational for sociological analyses of religion, even as it necessitates adaptation to address modern complexities.