Q: Highlight the roles and functions of civil society in a democratic system.

Model Answer:

Civil society refers to the realm of organized social life that is voluntary, self-generating, and largely autonomous from the state, where individuals collectively advance shared interests. It plays a pivotal role in strengthening democratic systems.

Roles and Functions of Civil Society in a Democratic System

1. Promoting Political Participation
Civil society encourages citizens to actively engage in political processes beyond just voting. Alexis de Tocqueville observed that voluntary associations cultivate democratic values and habits, fostering a participatory political culture.

2. Acting as a Check on State Power
Serving as a watchdog, civil society monitors government actions, holding it accountable. Antonio Gramsci emphasized civil society as a space for contestation against state hegemony, preventing authoritarianism.

3. Advocacy and Policy Influence
Civil society organizations (CSOs) advocate for policy changes, representing marginalized groups. For instance, environmental NGOs have successfully lobbied for sustainable policies, influencing legislative agendas.

4. Enhancing Social Integration and Cohesion
Robert Putnam’s concept of “social capital” highlights how networks within civil society promote trust and cooperation, essential for democratic stability and social cohesion.

5. Providing Education and Awareness
CSOs raise awareness on critical issues like human rights and health. Educational campaigns by civil society have been instrumental in combating social evils like discrimination and illiteracy.

6. Service Delivery
Beyond advocacy, civil society often provides essential services, complementing government efforts. Examples include NGOs offering healthcare and education in remote areas.

7. Promoting Accountability and Transparency
Civil society enhances transparency by demanding openness in governance. Initiatives like the Right to Information (RTI) in India were propelled by civil society activism, fostering a culture of accountability.

8. Protecting Rights and Liberties
By defending civil liberties, civil society safeguards democratic freedoms. Human rights organizations play a crucial role in exposing violations and advocating for justice.

Conclusion:
In essence, civil society enriches democracy by promoting participation, ensuring accountability, and fostering social cohesion, thereby fortifying the democratic fabric.