Q. Is patriarchy a key to understanding different forms of inequalities in Indian society? Elaborate.
UPSC Sociology 2024 Paper 2
Model Answer:
Patriarchy
Patriarchy, as a system of male dominance, is fundamental to understanding the myriad forms of inequalities in Indian society. It structures social relations, norms, and institutions, perpetuating gender hierarchies that intersect with caste, class, and religion.
1. Kinship systems: Indian sociologist Leela Dube highlighted how patriarchy shapes kinship systems, leading to women’s subordination in family and society. For instance, patrilineal inheritance practices marginalize women in property rights, reinforcing economic disparities.
2. Sanskritization: M.N. Srinivas’s concept of ‘Sanskritization’ shows how lower castes adopt upper-caste practices, including patriarchal norms, to ascend socially, perpetuating gender inequality across strata.
3. Labor division: Patriarchal norms influence labor division, restricting women to unpaid domestic work while men dominate the public sphere. This results in gender wage gaps and limited career opportunities for women.
4. Agrarian structures: In rural areas, agrarian structures often exclude women from land ownership despite their significant role in farming.
5. Intersectionality: Patriarchy intersects with caste-based oppression. Dalit women, as pointed out by scholars like Sharmila Rege, face compounded discrimination due to both caste and gender, exemplifying intersectional inequalities.
Conclusion: Patriarchy is key to understanding and addressing the intertwined inequalities in Indian society, shaping various aspects of social, economic, and cultural life.
