Q. Which of the following have species that can establish a symbiotic relationship with other organisms?
1.Cnidarians
2.Fungi
3.Protozoa
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
a) 1 and 2 only
b) 2 and 3 only
c) 1 and 3 only
d) 1, 2 and 3
Correct Answer: d) 1, 2 and 3
Question from UPSC Prelims 2021 GS Paper
Explanation :
Symbiotic Relationships in Cnidarians
The cnidarians are a diverse group of invertebrates that include creatures such as jellyfish, corals, and sea anemones. A prominent example of their symbiotic relationships is with photosynthetic algae known as zooxanthellae. Reef-building corals engage in a mutualistic relationship with these algae, where the corals provide a safe environment and necessary compounds for photosynthesis. In return, the algae contribute to the coral’s energy needs by producing oxygen and organic products of photosynthesis.
Fungi and Their Symbiotic Partners
Fungi are known for forming symbiotic relationships with a variety of organisms, including plants and animals. The mycorrhizal association between fungi and plant roots is a key example of this mutualism. In this relationship, the fungi improve the plant’s nutrient and water absorption, while receiving carbohydrates from the plant. Another symbiotic relationship is seen in lichens, which are a combination of fungi and algae or cyanobacteria, benefiting both parties involved.
Protozoa in Symbiosis
Protozoa, which are single-celled eukaryotic organisms, also participate in symbiotic relationships. Some protozoa are essential for termites, aiding in the digestion of cellulose and thus allowing the termites to extract nutrients from wood. These protozoa enjoy a stable habitat and a steady food source in return. Similarly, protozoa in the digestive systems of ruminants, like cows, assist in breaking down plant material.
