Q. With reference to ancient India (600-322 BC), consider the following pairs:

Explanation : 

I. Asmaka : Godavari
The Asmaka (or Assaka) Mahajanapada was indeed located on the banks of the Godavari River in south-central India, encompassing areas in present-day Telangana, Maharashtra, and Andhra Pradesh. This pair is correctly matched.

II. Kamboja : Vipas
The Kamboja Mahajanapada was situated in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent, near modern Afghanistan and Pakistan, with its capital at Rajapura. The Vipas (Vipasa) is the ancient name for the Beas River, which flows through the present-day states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab. While both regions are in the broader northwest, Kamboja was not specifically associated with the Beas River. This pair is incorrectly matched.

III. Avanti : Mahanadi
The Avanti Mahajanapada was a significant kingdom in western India, roughly corresponding to the modern Malwa region in Madhya Pradesh. It was divided into northern and southern parts by the Vindhya mountains, with the northern part drained by the Shipra River and the southern part by the Narmada River. The Vetravati (Betwa) River also divided Avanti. The Mahanadi River, however, flows through eastern India (Odisha and Chhattisgarh). This pair is incorrectly matched.

IV. Kosala : Sarayu
The Kosala Mahajanapada was located in the region of present-day Uttar Pradesh and parts of Nepal, corresponding to the modern Awadh (Oudh) region. The kingdom was situated along the Ghaghara River, which was known as the Sarayu in ancient times. This pair is correctly matched.

Therefore, only two of the given pairs are correctly matched.