Q: Write short note on Social system and the Pattern Variables.

Model Answer:

Talcolt Parson’s Social System and Pattern Variables

The social system, as conceptualized by Talcott Parsons, refers to the complex network of social relationships, institutions, and structures that govern human behavior and interaction. It is a macro-level perspective that seeks to understand how various social elements work together to maintain stability, order, and balance within a society. The social system is composed of four interrelated subsystems: the cultural, social, personality, and behavioral systems, which are interconnected and interdependent.

To better understand the social system, Parsons introduced the concept of pattern variables, which are dichotomous choices that individuals and societies must make when faced with various social situations. These variables help to explain the different ways in which social actors relate to one another and how they adapt to the demands of their social environment. There are five pattern variables:

Affectivity vs. Affective Neutrality: This variable refers to the degree of emotional expression and involvement in social interactions. Affectivity is characterized by the expression of emotions and personal feelings, while affective neutrality emphasizes rationality, objectivity, and emotional detachment.

Self-Orientation vs. Collectivity-Orientation: This variable deals with the balance between individual interests and the interests of the larger group or society. Self-orientation prioritizes personal goals and desires, while collectivity-orientation emphasizes the importance of group cohesion, shared values, and the common good.

Universalism vs. Particularism: This variable concerns the extent to which social norms and values are applied universally or selectively. Universalism refers to the belief that rules and standards should be applied consistently to all members of society, while particularism suggests that different rules may apply to different individuals or groups based on specific circumstances or relationships.

Ascription vs. Achievement: This variable focuses on the criteria used to evaluate individuals and assign social roles. Ascription refers to the assignment of roles based on inherited characteristics, such as race, gender, or social class, while achievement emphasizes merit, skills, and accomplishments as the basis for role assignment.

Specificity vs. Diffuseness: This variable pertains to the scope and range of social relationships and obligations. Specificity refers to relationships that are limited in scope and clearly defined, while diffuseness encompasses relationships that are more expansive and involve a broader range of obligations and expectations.

In conclusion, Talcott Parsons’ social system and pattern variables provide a framework for understanding the complexities of human behavior and social interaction. By examining the choices individuals and societies make in relation to these variables, we can gain insight into the underlying dynamics that shape social structures and institutions.