Q: Rising 'ethnocentricism' is leading to conflict in our society. Assess this statement with appropriate reasons

Model Answer:

Rising Ethnocentrism and Social Conflict in Indian Society

Ethnocentrism, as defined by William Graham Sumner, refers to a tendency to view one’s own group as the center of everything and evaluate all other groups’ customs and practices through this lens. The intensification of this phenomenon in contemporary Indian society requires critical analysis through structural-functional and conflict perspectives.

Understanding Contemporary Ethnocentrism:

– Evolution from traditional hierarchical caste-based superiority to modern forms encompassing regional, linguistic, and religious identities
– Manifestation through assertive cultural nationalism, demands for cultural preservation, and resistance to perceived threats to group identity
– Complex interplay with modernization, creating new forms of social boundaries and group antagonisms
– Example: Growing emphasis on linguistic purity in states like Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu leading to language-based discrimination and social exclusion

Structural Causes in Indian Society:

1. Socio-economic Transformation
– Rapid urbanization and migration patterns creating cultural anxieties and competition for urban resources
– Economic liberalization intensifying regional disparities and resource competition between social groups
– Emergence of new middle class contributing to cultural assertiveness and identity consciousness
– Example: Anti-migrant movements in Mumbai, Bengaluru reflecting economic protectionism and cultural anxiety

2. Political Dynamics
– Post-Mandal political landscape witnessing intensification of caste and community-based mobilization
– Strategic use of ethnic identities in electoral politics creating permanent vote banks
– Decline of inclusive political ideologies leading to fragmentation of social fabric
– Example: Rise of identity-based political parties and their impact on social cohesion

3. Cultural Globalization
– Dialectical relationship between global cultural flows and local identity assertions
– Defensive cultural nationalism as response to perceived westernization threats
– Growing tension between modernization and traditional value systems
– Example: Conflicts over educational curriculum and medium of instruction reflecting cultural anxieties

Solutions:

1. Structural Interventions
– Implementation of comprehensive social inclusion policies addressing multiple dimensions of discrimination
– Strengthening federal cooperation through institutional mechanisms
– Developing inclusive development models sensitive to cultural diversities
– Example: National Integration Council’s role in promoting inter-state and inter-community dialogue

2. Social Reform Initiatives
– Promoting intercultural understanding through educational reforms
– Creating platforms for sustained dialogue between different cultural groups
– Strengthening civil society initiatives for social harmony
– Example: Youth exchange programs and cultural festivals promoting cross-cultural understanding

The analysis demonstrates how ethnocentrism in India operates at multiple levels, requiring interventions that address both structural inequalities and cultural prejudices for promoting social integration.