Q. Explain the mechanism and occurrence of cloudburst in the context of the Indian subcontinent. Discuss two recent examples.

Model Answer:

Cloudburst Mechanism and Occurrence in Indian Subcontinent

A cloudburst is an extreme weather event characterized by intense rainfall over a localized area in a short period. In the Indian subcontinent, cloudbursts are particularly significant due to their devastating impacts.

Mechanism and Occurrence:

• Cloudbursts typically occur when moisture-laden air is forced to rise rapidly over physical barriers like mountains.
• As the air ascends, it cools and condenses, forming cumulonimbus clouds.
• These clouds release an enormous amount of water in a short time, often exceeding 100mm per hour.

In the Indian context:
– The Himalayan region and Western Ghats are particularly prone to cloudbursts due to their orography.
– They commonly occur during monsoon seasons (June-September) when atmospheric instability is high.
– Climate change is potentially increasing their frequency and intensity.

Factors contributing to cloudbursts in India include:

• Steep topography (e.g., Uttarakhand hills)
• Monsoon circulation patterns
• Localized convection currents
• Atmospheric instability

Recent Examples:

1. Amarnath, Jammu & Kashmir (July 2022):
– Flash floods triggered by cloudburst
– Resulted in 16 deaths, damaged pilgrim camps

2. Dehradun, Uttarakhand (August 2023):
– Intense rainfall of 180mm in two hours
– Caused landslides, disrupted transportation

Conclusion: Understanding cloudburst mechanisms is crucial for improving early warning systems and mitigating their impacts in vulnerable Indian regions.