Q: Citing some case studies, expand the concept of ‘Development-induced Displacement’.

Model Answer:

Development-Induced Displacement (DID) is a paradox of capitalist modernization where state-led projects marginalize the vulnerable. Walter Fernandes terms it Internal Colonialism, severely affecting marginalized groups.

Sociological Dimensions of Displacement

• Marxist Perspective: A.R. Desai argues capitalist “national development” alienates the peasantry.
• IRR Model: Michael Cernea expands DID to include economic deprivation and Social Disarticulation (loss of kinship networks).
• Structural Inequality: Walter Fernandes notes Adivasis constitute nearly 40% of India’s displaced, highlighting a stark caste-tribe nexus.

Sardar Sarovar: Resistance by the Narmada Bachao Andolan highlights clashes between state utilitarianism and tribal rights, explored in Amita Baviskar’s In the Belly of the River.

Niyamgiri (Odisha): The Dongria Kondh’s struggle against Vedanta showcases resistance against cultural displacement and loss of sacred ecology.

Conclusion

Beyond legal frameworks like LARR 2013, which merely commodify land, resolving DID requires a shift towards participatory ethno-development and a “Just Transition” to protect subaltern social capital.