Q: Trace the trajectory of development perspectives on social change.

Model Answer:

Trajectory of Development Perspectives on Social Change

The evolution of development perspectives on social change reflects shifting ideologies and sociological understandings over time. This trajectory encompasses various theories, each offering unique insights into social transformation.

Modernization Theory:
In the 1950s and 1960s, modernization theory dominated. Theorists like W.W. Rostow proposed that societies progress through linear stages of economic growth, from “traditional” to “modern” structures. This perspective assumed Western models were universally applicable.

Dependency Theory:
The 1970s saw the emergence of dependency theory. Scholars like André Gunder Frank argued that global economic structures perpetuated underdevelopment in peripheral nations. This neo-Marxist approach emphasized the historical roots of inequality in the world system.

Neoliberal Perspectives:
The 1980s witnessed the rise of neoliberal perspectives. This approach, championed by economists like Milton Friedman, advocated for free-market policies and reduced state intervention. Structural adjustment programs exemplified this ideology.

Post-Development Theories:
In the 1990s, post-development theories gained traction. Scholars like Arturo Escobar criticized “development” as a Western construct, calling for alternative, locally-rooted visions of social change.

Contemporary Approaches:
Recently, sustainable and human development approaches have become prominent. These holistic frameworks, exemplified by Amartya Sen’s capability approach, emphasize environmental sustainability, social equity, and human well-being alongside economic growth.

This trajectory reflects a growing recognition of development’s complexity and the need for context-specific, multidimensional approaches to social change.