The correct answer is: (B) Earned Income Tax Credit

Explanation:

Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC)

The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) is a tax benefit designed to help low- to moderate-income working individuals and families. It provides a refundable tax credit, meaning if the credit exceeds the amount of taxes owed, the taxpayer receives the difference as a refund. This policy reduces the tax burden on poor families and can result in a refund of all or part of their Social Security taxes.

Option (A), Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF), is a welfare program that provides cash assistance to low-income families but does not involve tax refunds.
Option (C), Food Stamps (now called SNAP), provides food assistance but is unrelated to tax refunds.
Option (D), Supplemental Security Income (SSI), provides financial assistance to disabled or elderly individuals with low income but is not related to Social Security tax refunds.

Therefore, the correct answer is (B) Earned Income Tax Credit.

The correct answer is (D) 3 only.

Explanation:
Substantive public policies are those that directly deal with the allocation of benefits or costs to citizens. These policies are concerned with the substance of what the government does, such as providing services, distributing resources, or imposing costs/benefits on specific groups.

– Statement (1): This refers to planning and programming, which is more related to procedural or operational policies rather than substantive policies.
– Statement (2): While substantive policies may allocate resources, this statement is more specific to redistributive policies rather than substantive ones.
– Statement (3): This is correct because substantive policies directly distribute benefits or costs to citizens.
– Statement (4): Imposing restrictions on behavior is more characteristic of regulatory policies, not substantive policies.

Thus, only statement (3) correctly describes substantive public policies.

The correct answer is (C) Money and Expertise.

Explanation:
Pressure groups aim to influence government policies and decisions. To be effective, they require resources such as money to fund campaigns, organize events, and lobby policymakers. Additionally, expertise is crucial to present well-researched arguments, draft policy proposals, and provide credible information to decision-makers. While access to media outlets, legal support, or a large membership base can be helpful, they are not as critical as financial resources and specialized knowledge in ensuring the group’s influence.

The correct answer is (D) Both I and II are not correct.

Explanation:

1. ‘Due Process of Law’:

This concept ensures that not only the legal procedures are followed, but also that the law itself is just, fair, and reasonable. It protects individual rights and fairness in the application of laws. Therefore, Statement I is incorrect because it wrongly states that ‘Due Process of Law’ focuses only on formal adherence to legal procedures.

2. ‘Procedure established by Law’:

This concept means that a law duly enacted by the legislature must be followed, even if the law is unjust or unfair. It does not inherently emphasize fairness or protection of individual rights unless explicitly stated in the law. Therefore, Statement II is incorrect because it wrongly attributes fairness and protection of individual rights to ‘Procedure established by Law’.

Thus, both statements are incorrect.

The correct answer is (B) 2 and 3.

Explanation:

1. Statement 1: Incorrect. The term “Special Session” is not defined in Article 85 of the Indian Constitution or anywhere else in the Constitution. Article 85 deals with the summoning and prorogation of Parliament but does not specifically mention “Special Sessions.”

2. Statement 2: Correct. Article 352(8)(b) of the Indian Constitution mentions a Special Sitting of the House of Parliament in the context of the proclamation of Emergency. It provides that if a proclamation of Emergency is issued, it must be approved by both Houses of Parliament within one month, and this may require a special sitting.

3. Statement 3: Correct. The proceedings of both Houses of Parliament during a special session are generally limited to specific purposes, such as discussing or approving a particular issue (e.g., Emergency proclamation, specific bills, or resolutions).

4. Statement 4: Incorrect. It’s one-tenth (1/10th) of members, not one-third (1/3rd)

Thus, the correct statements are 2 and 3.

The correct answer is (B) 1 and 3.

Explanation:

1. Statement 1: Correct. The Anti-Defection Law was introduced in the Constitution through the 52nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1985, which added the Tenth Schedule to the Indian Constitution.

2. Statement 2: Incorrect. The Tenth Schedule was inserted in the Constitution in 1985, not 1989.

3. Statement 3: Correct. The Anti-Defection Law was reinforced and clarified through the 91st Constitutional Amendment Act, 2003, which came into effect in 2004. This amendment placed additional restrictions on defections, such as limiting the size of the Council of Ministers and disqualifying defectors from holding ministerial positions.

4. Statement 4: Incorrect. If an independently elected member joins a political party after the election, they are disqualified under the Anti-Defection Law as per the provisions of the Tenth Schedule.

Thus, the correct statements are 1 and 3.

The correct answer is B, 2 and 3.

Explanation:

Statement 1: This is correct. A Private Member is any Member of Parliament who is not a Minister.

Statement 2: This is incorrect. Private Member Bills are introduced and debated only on Fridays, not Mondays.

Statement 3: This is incorrect.

Statement 4: This is correct. A Constitution Amendment Bill can be introduced in either the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha, and it can be introduced by either a Private Member or a Minister.

Therefore, the correct answer is B, 2 and 3.

The correct answer is B, 2 and 4.

Explanation:

Statement 1: This is correct. The Advocate General is the highest law officer of the state.

Statement 2: This is incorrect. The Advocate General is appointed by the Governor, but there is no requirement for the Governor to act on the advice of the Chief Justice of the High Court.

Statement 3: This is correct. The Advocate General must be qualified to be appointed as a judge of a High Court. This means he or she must be a citizen of India and have at least ten years of experience as an advocate or judicial officer.

Statement 4: This is incorrect. There is no age limit such as sixty five years prescribed for the Advocate General in the Constitution of India.

Therefore, statements 2 and 4 are not correct.

The correct answer is: c) Quasi-judicial Procedure.

Explanation: The impeachment of the President of India is a quasi-judicial procedure. This means it has elements of both judicial and legislative processes. According to Article 61 of the Indian Constitution, the President can be impeached for “violation of the Constitution.” The process involves a detailed investigation and requires a special majority in both Houses of Parliament (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha). Members of Parliament act somewhat like judges during this process, as they deliberate and decide on the charges against the President. Hence, it is termed a quasi-judicial procedure rather than purely political or legal.

The correct answer is: d) The decisions in the Election Commission by the members are made by unanimous vote.

Explanation:

Option A: This statement is correct. Article 327 of the Indian Constitution empowers Parliament to make provisions with respect to elections to the legislatures.

Option B: This statement is correct. On January 1, 1990, two additional Election Commissioners were appointed, making the Election Commission a multi-member body.

Option C: This statement is correct. The Election Commissioner Amendment Act, 1990, transformed the Election Commission from a single-member body to a multi-member body.

Option D: This statement is not correct. The decisions in the Election Commission are not necessarily made by unanimous vote. In case of differences of opinion among the members, decisions are made by majority vote.

Hence, the incorrect statement is Option D.