The correct answer is: (A) P, Q and R but, not S

Explanation: 

The Kattaka Caves, also known as the Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves, are historically significant rock-cut caves located near Bhubaneswar, Odisha. They were primarily created during the reign of King Kharavela of Kalinga in the 1st and 2nd centuries BC and served as residences for Jain monks. The caves are often referred to in historical inscriptions, particularly the Hathigumpha inscription, which mentions Kumari Parvata.

Analyzing the options based on the provided references:

• P. Hathigumpha and Ranigunmpha: Hathigumpha is a well-known cave with significant inscriptions. Ranigunmpha (or Rani Gumpha) is also part of the Udayagiri complex and is notable for its architectural features.

• Q. Kumari Parvata: This term is indeed used in the context of the caves, specifically mentioned in the Hathigumpha inscription.

• R. Alakapurigumpha: This cave is also part of the Udayagiri complex.

• S. Mahendragarh: This site does not have a direct connection to the Kattaka Caves

Given this analysis, the correct answer is:

(A) P, Q and R but, not S.

Correct Answer: d) Gharapuri

Explanation: Gharapuri, also known as Elephanta Island, is famously referred to as the “City of Caves.” It is located near Mumbai, India, and is renowned for its rock-cut cave temples, particularly the Elephanta Caves. These caves are a UNESCO World Heritage Site and are dedicated to Lord Shiva, showcasing intricate carvings and sculptures. While Ajanta, Ellora, and Udayagiri are also famous for their caves, the specific title “City of Caves” is associated with Gharapuri.

The correct answer is: Option A: The day ear-marked by the Muslim League for taking direct action to assert their political demand for a separate homeland for Muslims.

Explanation: Direct Action Day, observed on August 16, 1946, was a significant event in Indian history. It was called by the All-India Muslim League under the leadership of Muhammad Ali Jinnah. The purpose of this day was to demonstrate the League’s demand for the creation of Pakistan, a separate homeland for Muslims, as they felt their interests would not be safeguarded in a united India. This day led to widespread communal violence, particularly in Calcutta (now Kolkata), and marked a turning point in the struggle for India’s independence and partition.

The correct answer is: c) The Hathigumpha inscription.

Explanation: The earliest recorded mention of “Bharatvarsha” is found in the Hathigumpha Inscription, which dates back to the 1st century CE. This inscription was created by King Kharavela of Kalinga and provides valuable insights into ancient Indian history, culture, and governance. The term “Bharatvarsha” in this context referred to a broader geographical and cultural entity

The correct answer is: Option D: The CSIR

Explanation: The statement “an institutional arrangement to keep Science, Society and Industry on the same page” refers to the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). CSIR is a premier research and development organization in India that bridges the gap between scientific research, societal needs, and industrial applications. It plays a crucial role in fostering innovation, developing technologies, and addressing challenges that benefit society and industry alike.

The correct answer is: d) The Supreme Court of India

Explanation: The motto “Yato Dharmastato Jayah” is a Sanskrit phrase that translates to “Where there is Dharma (righteousness), there is victory.” This phrase has been adopted by the Supreme Court of India as its official motto. It signifies the importance of justice, righteousness, and moral values in the legal system. The motto is derived from the Indian epic Mahabharata, emphasizing the principle that justice and truth ultimately prevail.

Correct Answer: c) Kolkata

The first modern judicial court in India, presided over by Elijah Impey, was set up in Kolkata.

Explanation: The Supreme Court of Judicature at Fort William (Kolkata) was established in 1774 under the Regulating Act of 1773. It was the first modern judicial institution in India, and Elijah Impey served as its first Chief Justice. This court marked the beginning of a structured judicial system in India during British rule.

The correct answer is: d) 2 and 4

Explanation:

1. She was the Prime Minister of Bangladesh for two decades: This statement is not correct. Sheikh Hasina served as Prime Minister from 1996 to 2001 and then from 2009 until her resignation in August 2024, totaling approximately 15 years, not two decades.

2. The students’ protest against Job Quota turned into anti-government agitation: This statement is correct. The protests began over a job quota system but escalated into broader anti-government demonstrations demanding Hasina’s resignation after a violent crackdown by security forces.

3. The Supreme Court of Bangladesh gave a ruling of 30 percent reservation in jobs for descendants of those who participated in the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation Movement: This statement is correct. The government had reinstated a quota system that reserved up to 30% of government jobs for families of veterans from the liberation war, which was a point of contention during the protests.

4. She is the President of ‘Bangladesh National Party’ supported by Jamaat-e-Islami: This statement is not correct. Sheikh Hasina is the leader of the Awami League, not the Bangladesh National Party (BNP), which is a rival political party. Jamaat-e-Islami has historically been an opposition party and has been banned at times, and it does not support Hasina’s party.

The correct answer is: d) Alloy

Explanation:

Thermal conductivity is a measure of a material’s ability to conduct heat. It varies significantly across different classes of materials due to their atomic structure, bonding, and the presence of impurities or defects. Let’s analyze each option to determine which has the least thermal conductivity.

1. Metal (Option a):

– Thermal Conductivity: Metals are generally excellent conductors of heat. This is because they have free electrons that can move easily throughout the lattice, facilitating efficient heat transfer.

– Examples:

– Copper: ~400 W/m·K

– Aluminum: ~205 W/m·K

2. Semiconductor (Option b):

– Thermal Conductivity: Semiconductors have moderate thermal conductivity, higher than insulators but lower than metals. The presence of both electrons and holes contributes to heat conduction, but their effectiveness is less than that in metals.

– Examples:

– Silicon: ~150 W/m·K

– Germanium: ~60 W/m·K

3. Superconductor (Option c):

– Thermal Conductivity: Superconductors exhibit unique thermal properties, especially below their critical temperature where they enter the superconducting state. In this state, electrical resistance drops to zero, and thermal conductivity can be affected by factors like electron pairing (Cooper pairs) and phonon scattering. Generally, their thermal conductivity is lower than that of normal metals but can vary based on the material and temperature.

4. Alloy (Option d):

– Thermal Conductivity: Alloys, which are mixtures of two or more elements (typically metals), usually have lower thermal conductivity compared to their pure metal counterparts. The presence of different atoms introduces defects and scatters phonons (heat carriers), thereby reducing the efficiency of heat transfer.

– Examples:

– Steel: ~50 W/m·K

– Brass: ~120 W/m·K

Conclusion

Among the options provided, alloys consistently exhibit lower thermal conductivity compared to pure metals, semiconductors, and even superconductors in many cases. This reduced thermal conductivity is due to the disrupted lattice structure and the presence of multiple types of atoms, which impede the free movement of heat carriers.

The correct answer is: d) Suppressing the uprising of 1857

Explanation:

The British East India Company considered itself the paramount power in India primarily after suppressing the uprising of 1857. This event marked a significant turning point as it led to the dissolution of the East India Company and the establishment of direct British rule over India through the Government of India Act 1858.

– Defeating Sindhia in 1803: This victory was significant but did not establish the Company as the supreme authority in India.
– Signing a treaty with Ranjit Singh in 1809: This treaty was more about maintaining peace with Sikh territories than asserting paramountcy.
– Defeating Bhonsale in 1818: While this was an important military success, it was part of a broader context of consolidation rather than a definitive claim to paramountcy.
– Suppressing the uprising of 1857: This uprising, also known as the Sepoy Mutiny, was crucial as it demonstrated British military strength and control, leading to the transition from Company rule to direct Crown rule, thereby solidifying British dominance in India.

Thus, the correct answer is Suppressing the uprising of 1857.