Explanation : 
Q1: Correct Answer – d.   It is based on the proposition of poverty as meagre income or buying capacity.

Explanation – The methodology adopted in India to count the “poor” is debatable because it exclusively relies on the notion of poverty as insufficient income or insufficient purchasing power. This can be better categorized as income poverty [d].
The passage does not provide information about options a, b and c. However, it is possible that there may be confusion regarding what should constitute the ‘poverty line’ [a], wide diversities in the condition of the rural and urban poor [b], and no uniform global standard for measuring income poverty [c]. These factors could also contribute to making the methodology adopted in India to count the “poor” debatable.

Q2: Correct Answer – c.    there are no evidences to refute it

Explanation – Income poverty is only one measure of counting the ‘poor’ because it only talks about one kind of deprivation while ignoring all others. Poverty ultimately affects human well-being and if it’s about deprivations affecting human well-being, then income poverty is only one aspect of it [a].
The passage does not provide information about options b, c and d. However, it is possible that other deprivations in a human life may have nothing to do with lack of purchasing power [b], income poverty may not be a permanent condition and could change from time to time [c], and income poverty may restrict human choices only at a point of time [d]. These factors could also contribute to making income poverty only one measure of counting the ‘poor’.

Q3: Correct Answer – a.    1 only

Explanation – By “poverty of a life,” the author means all deprivations in a human life which stem not only from lack of income but also from lack of real opportunities given by social constraints as well as personal circumstances—to choose other types of living [a].
The passage does not provide information about options b, c and d. However, it is possible that poverty of a life could also refer to the impoverished state of poor people in rural and urban areas [b], missed opportunities in diverse personal circumstances [c], and material as well as non-material deprivations in a human life which restrict human choices permanently [d].

Explanation : 
Q1: Correct Answer – b.   Politicians should be selected from those trained in administration.

Explanation – The author of the passage is making a comparison between how we approach selecting someone for a specific task in our personal lives versus how we approach selecting someone to administer a state. The author argues that just as we look for specific qualifications and expertise when choosing a physician or a shoemaker, we should also look for the same when choosing someone to administer a state. The statement that best reflects the message of the author is (b) Politicians should be selected from those trained in administration.

Explanation : 
Q1: Correct Answer – d.   Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation – Based on the passage, the correct answer would be d. Neither 1 nor 2. The passage states that much of the change in agricultural technology is brought about by affluent farmers in the West/Americas and that techniques developed in the West are being adapted to make tropical crops more productive. This means that development of agricultural technology is not confined to developed countries (invalidating assumption 1). The passage also mentions that extending the best of today’s agricultural practices to smallholders and subsistence farmers in Africa and Asia would lead to a greatly increased availability of food for humanity. This implies that agricultural technology is being adapted in developing countries (invalidating assumption 2).

Q2: Correct Answer – a.    1 only
Explanation – Based on the passage, the correct answer would be a. 1 only. The passage states that extending the best of today’s agricultural practices to smallholders and subsistence farmers in Africa and Asia would lead to a greatly increased availability of food for humanity. This implies that there is a need for change in existing farming techniques in developing countries (validating assumption 1). However, the passage does not provide any information about whether developed countries have better infrastructure and waste less food (invalidating assumption 2).

Q3: Correct Answer – a.    1 only

Explanation – Based on the passage, the first assumption that “Growing enough food for future generations will be a challenge” is valid. The passage mentions that productivity of staples such as rice and wheat has reached a plateau and that there is little unfarmed land left suitable for farming. It also mentions the potential negative impact of rising global temperatures on farming.

However, the second assumption that “Corporate farming is a viable option for food security in poor countries” is not explicitly mentioned or supported in the passage. The passage does mention that technology developed in the West is being adapted to make tropical crops more productive and that extending best agricultural practices to smallholders and subsistence farmers would lead to increased availability of food. But it does not specifically mention corporate farming as a solution.

So based on this information, only assumption 1 is valid. The correct answer would be (a) 1 only.

Explanation : 
Q1: Correct Answer – d.   Water management practices in India need to change dramatically in the coining years.
Explanation – The passage discusses the increase in the number of Indian middle-class families and how this has led to changes in dietary patterns and energy consumption levels. The passage mentions that people have moved to a higher protein-based diet and that the use of electronic machines and motor vehicles has increased. Both of these changes require more water for production. Based on this information, it seems that option d – “Water management practices in India need to change dramatically in the coming years” – best reflects the crux of the passage.

Explanation : 
Q1: Correct Answer – c.    1, 3 and 4
Explanation – In biological evolution on earth, extinction of species has been a major feature. The passage states that more than 90% of species that have ever lived on earth are now extinct. The Darwinian explanation for extinct life is simple and convincing: organisms go extinct as a function of environmental or biological assaults for which their inheritance deems them ill-equipped.

Q2: Correct Answer – c.    there are no evidences to refute it
Explanation – According to the passage, the correct answer would be option c. The passage states that the so-called Darwinian theory of evolution is not a theory at all because evolution happens and is a fact. The mechanism of evolution proposed by Darwin (natural selection) is amply supported by scientific data. To date, no single zoological, botanical, geological, paleontological, genetic or physical evidence has refuted either of the central two main Darwinian ideas.

Q3: Correct Answer – a.    1 only

According to the passage, the valid assumption would be option a. 1 only. The passage states that species that are unable to overcome environmental adversity may face extinction and that this failure to survive can be attributed to their genomes being unable to withstand geological vagaries or biological mishaps. This suggests that only species that have the ability to overcome environmental catastrophes will survive and perpetuate.

The passage does not state that more than 90% of the species on earth are in danger of getting extinct due to drastic changes in the environment. Instead, it states that more than 90% of species that have ever lived on earth are now extinct.

The passage also does not state that Darwin’s theory explains all natural phenomena. It states that the mechanism of evolution proposed by Darwin (natural selection) is amply supported by scientific data and has not been refuted by any evidence.

Explanation : 

To determine which lecture is in the third period, we will analyze the given statements:

Statement-1: Lecture F is preceded by A and followed by C.
From this statement, we know the order of three lectures: A -> F -> C. However, it does not provide any information about the exact time or period of these lectures, so we cannot determine which lecture is in the third period using this statement alone.

Statement-2: There is no lecture after lecture B.
This statement tells us that lecture B is the last lecture, scheduled at 1:00 p.m. However, it does not provide any information about the other lectures, so we cannot determine which lecture is in the third period using this statement alone.

Now, let’s see if we can answer the question by combining both statements:

From Statement-1, we know that A -> F -> C is a sequence of lectures. And from Statement-2, we know that B is the last lecture. So, we can create two possible scenarios:

Scenario 1:
A -> F -> C -> D -> E -> B

Scenario 2:
D -> A -> F -> C -> E -> B

In both scenarios, we cannot determine which lecture is in the third period, as it can be either C (Scenario 1) or F (Scenario 2). Even E position is also not fixed.

Thus, the correct answer is d. Both Statement-1 and Statement-2 are not sufficient to answer the question.

Explanation : 

To determine the age of Manisha, we need to analyze both statements together.

Statement-1: Manisha is 24 years younger than her mother.
Let Manisha’s age be M and her mother’s age be X. So, X = M + 24.

Statement-2: 5 years later, the ages of Manisha and her mother will be in the ratio 3:5.
In 5 years, Manisha’s age will be M + 5 and her mother’s age will be X + 5. The ratio of their ages at that time will be 3:5.
(M + 5) / (X + 5) = 3 / 5

Now, we have two equations with two variables:

X = M + 24
(M + 5) / (X + 5) = 3 / 5
Substitute the value of X from the first equation into the second equation:
(M + 5) / (M + 24 + 5) = 3 / 5

Solve for M:
5(M + 5) = 3(M + 29)
5M + 25 = 3M + 87
2M = 62
M = 31

Manisha’s age is 31. Therefore, both Statement-1 and Statement-2 are sufficient to answer the question. The correct answer is:

c. Both Statement-1 and Statement-2 are sufficient to answer the Question

Explanation : 
To determine who is sitting on the immediate left of A, we need to analyze the given statements.

Statement-1: B is sitting opposite to C and D is sitting opposite to E.
From this statement, we can deduce the following seating arrangement (clockwise):
B is opposite to C.
D is opposite to E.
However, this statement does not provide any information about the position of A or who is sitting on the immediate left of A. So, Statement-1 alone is not sufficient to answer the question.

Statement-2: F is sitting on the immediate left of B.
This statement gives us information about the position of F in relation to B, but it does not provide any information about the position of A. So, Statement-2 alone is not sufficient to answer the question.

Combining Statement-1 and Statement-2:
We know the following:
B is opposite to C.
D is opposite to E.
F is sitting on the immediate left of B.
However, even after combining both statements, we still do not have enough information to determine who is sitting on the immediate left of A.

Thus, the correct answer is:
d. Both Statement-1 and Statement-2 are not sufficient to answer the Question.

Explanation : 

Person X wants to distribute some pens.

Let the number of pens received by B, C, D, E, and F be represented by b, c, d, e, and f respectively. According to the problem, A gets twice the number of pens received by B, three times that of C, four times that of D, five times that of E, and six times that of F. We can write these relationships as:

A = 2b
A = 3c
A = 4d
A = 5e
A = 6f

Now, we want to find the minimum number of pens X should buy so that each child gets an even number of pens. To do this, we can find the least common multiple (LCM) of 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. The LCM is the smallest number that is a multiple of all these numbers.

LCM(2, 3, 4, 5, 6) = 60

So, A must receive at least 60 pens to satisfy the conditions.

Using the relationships above, we can find the number of pens for each child:

A = 60
B = A/2 = 60/2 = 30
C = A/3 = 60/3 = 20
D = A/4 = 60/4 = 15
E = A/5 = 60/5 = 12
F = A/6 = 60/6 = 10

However, we need to make sure that all the children receive an even number of pens. The only odd number of pens is given to D, so we must adjust the number of pens for A to make sure D also gets an even number of pens.

If we increase A to 120 pens (the next multiple of 60), we can calculate the new numbers of pens for each child:

A = 120
B = A/2 = 120/2 = 60
C = A/3 = 120/3 = 40
D = A/4 = 120/4 = 30
E = A/5 = 120/5 = 24
F = A/6 = 120/6 = 20

Now all the children have an even number of pens. The minimum number of pens X should buy is:

Total pens = A + B + C + D + E + F
Total pens = 120 + 60 + 40 + 30 + 24 + 20
Total pens = 294

So, the correct answer is c. 294.

Explanation : 
Let’s break down the given information and solve the problem step by step:

The man started from home at 14:30 hours and arrived at the village when the village clock indicated 15:15 hours.

He stayed in the village for 25 minutes.
He drove back home by a different route, which was 1.25 times the first route, and at a rate twice as fast as the first route.
He reached home at 16:00 hours.
First, we need to calculate the time taken for each part of the trip:

Total time taken by the man to come back home: 16:00 – 14:30 = 1.5 hours = 90 minutes
Out of which he stayed in the village for 25 minutes.
So, his total traveling time = 90 – 25 = 65 minutes

Let’s denote the time taken for the first route as 100 units. Since the return route was 1.25 times the initial route, the time taken would have increased by 25%. So, the time taken for the second route would be 125 units.

But it is also given that while returning he drove twice as fast, which means the time taken must have been halved. So, the time taken while returning is 62.5 units.

Therefore, the total traveling time can be represented as:

100 units (first route) + 62.5 units (second route) = 65 minutes
162.5 units = 65 minutes

Now, we can find out the actual time taken for the first route:
100 units = (65/162.5) × 100 = 40 minutes

So, the man took 40 minutes to reach the village. The actual time at that moment was:
14:30 (start time) + 40 minutes (travel time) = 15:10 hours
Comparing the village clock with the actual time:
15:15 (village clock) – 15:10 (actual time) = 5 minutes

Hence, the village clock is 5 minutes fast. The correct answer is: d. 5 minutes fast