Explanation : 

Q1: Correct Answer – (b) Any form of government tends to deteriorate by excess of its basic principle.

Explanation – The statement that best reflects the crux of the passage given above is (b) “Any form of government tends to deteriorate by excess of its basic principle.” The passage describes how different forms of government – aristocratic, oligarchic and democratic – can ruin themselves by taking their basic principles to an extreme. For example, democracy can ruin itself “by excess of democracy” when people are not properly equipped by education to select the best rulers and the wisest courses. So the correct answer would be (b) Any form of government tends to deteriorate by excess of its basic principle.

Option (a) states that “Human societies experiment with different forms of governments.” While the passage does mention different forms of government – aristocratic, oligarchic and democratic – it does not explicitly state that human societies experiment with them.

Option © states that “Education of all citizens ensures a perfect, functional and sustainable democracy.” The passage does mention that democracy can become disastrous when people are not properly equipped by education to select the best rulers and the wisest courses. However, it does not state that education of all citizens ensures a perfect, functional and sustainable democracy.

Option (d) states that “Having a government is a necessary evil because tyranny is inherent in any form of government.” The passage does mention that democracy can become tyrannical or autocratic when people are not properly equipped by education to select the best rulers and the wisest courses. However, it does not state that having a government is a necessary evil because tyranny is inherent in any form of government.

So based on the information given in the passage, option (b) “Any form of government tends to deteriorate by excess of its basic principle” best reflects the crux of the passage while options (a), ©, and (d) are not explicitly supported by the text.

Explanation : 

Q1: Correct Answer – (c) 1 and 4 only

Explanation – According to the passage, assumptions 1 and 4 are valid. The passage states that “Inequality violates a basic democratic norm: the equal standing of citizens” and that “Right to equality should be incorporated into our values and day-to-day political vocabulary.” This supports assumption 1 that equality is a prerequisite for people to participate in society from a position of confidence and assumption 4 that right to equality should be incorporated into our values and day-to-day political vocabulary. So the correct answer would be c) 1 and 4 only.

Assumption 2 states that “Occurrence of inequality is detrimental to the survival of democracy.” While the passage does mention that “Inequality violates a basic democratic norm: the equal standing of citizens,” it does not explicitly state that inequality is detrimental to the survival of democracy. Therefore, assumption 2 may or may not be valid based on the information given in the passage.

Assumption 3 states that “Equal standing of all citizens is an idea that cannot actually be realized even in a democracy.” The passage does not provide any information to support this assumption. In fact, it suggests that equality should be incorporated into our values and day-to-day political vocabulary, implying that it is an achievable goal.

So based on the information given in the passage, assumptions 1 and 4 are valid while assumptions 2 and 3 are not explicitly supported by the text.

Explanation : 

Q1: Correct Answer – (c) That dominion is the best which pursues the aim of unity and has laws for good citizenship.

Explanation – The most logical and rational inference that can be made from the passage above is option c) : “That dominion is the best which pursues the aim of unity and has laws for good citizenship.” This is because the passage argues that sedition, wars, and contempt or breach of laws are more likely to occur in a dominion with a bad state rather than due to the wickedness of its subjects. The passage also suggests that men must be made fit for citizenship through proper laws and pursuit of unity.

Explanation : 

Religious denominations

Q1: Correct Answer – (c) Religious denominations tend to ignore the unity of man.
Explanation – The most logical assumption from the passage is © Religious denominations tend to ignore the unity of man.

This option suggests that different religious denominations may focus on their own beliefs and practices rather than recognizing the commonalities among all people. In other words, religious denominations may overlook the fact that all humans share a common bond and instead focus on their differences.

Explanation : 

10th October 2027 Day ?

We know that, 10th October 2021 is a Sunday. (The day of UPSC CSE, 2021 Preliminary exam)

So, 10th October 2022 will be Sunday + 1, i.e. Monday.
10th October 2023 will be Monday + 1, i.e. Tuesday.
10th October 2024 will be Tuesday + 2, i.e. Thursday. We added 2, as 2024 is a leap year.
10th October 2025 will be Thursday + 1, i.e. Friday.
10th October 2026 will be Friday + 1, i.e. Saturday.
10th October 2027 will be Saturday + 1, i.e. Sunday.

Explanation : 

Given Information:

1. Statement 1: Month ends on Wednesday

2. Statement 2: Third Saturday is on 17th

Using Statement 1 alone:
– Only knows last day is Wednesday
– Month could be 30 or 31 days
– First day could vary
– Cannot determine 14th day
– Not sufficient

Using Statement 2 alone:
– Third Saturday = 17th
– Second Saturday = 10th
– First Saturday = 3rd
– Working backwards:
1st day must be Thursday
14th must be Wednesday
– Sufficient to answer

Using Both Statements:
– Statement 2 alone gives the answer
– Statement 1 not needed

Answer: (b) Statement 2 alone is sufficient

The 14th of the month is Wednesday, determined solely from Statement 2.

Explanation : 

Half of the villagers of a certain village

The correct answer is (b) Some villagers under 25 years of age are literate. This is because the given information states that one-third of the villagers are literate and four-fifth of the villagers are under 25 years of age.

Therefore, it is possible that some villagers who are under 25 years of age are also literate because one third is larger than one-fifth.

Explanation :

Hour hand and Minute hand of the clock

Let’s solve this step by step:

1) When hands make 180°, they point in opposite directions.

2) At 7:00:
– Hour hand moves (7/12 × 360°) = 210° from start
– Minute hand at 0°
– Angle = 210° (not 180°)

3) In 1 hour:
– Hour hand moves 30°
– Minute hand moves 360°

4) In 1 minute:
– Hour hand moves 0.5°
– Minute hand moves 6°

5) At 7:05:
– Hour hand: 210° + (5 × 0.5°) = 212.5°
– Minute hand: 5 × 6° = 30°
– Angle = 182.5° (not 180°)

6) Between 7:05 and 7:10, at approximately 7:06, the hands form exactly 180°.

Therefore, the answer is (d) Between 7:05 hours and 7:10 hours.

Explanation : 

MATHEMATICS – CHEMISTRY

According to the pattern:
For odd positions (1,3,5,7,9,11): Subtract 1
For even positions (2,4,6,8,10): Add 1

MATHEMATICS → LBSIDNZUHDR
CHEMISTRY → BIDLHTSSX

Therefore, answer is (c) BIDLHTSSX

Explanation : 

P scored 40 marks more than Q in an examination

Given:
– P scored x marks
– P scored 40 marks more than Q
– Q scored 10% less than P

Step 1: Initial Equations
– Q’s marks = x – 40 (40 less than P)
– Q’s marks = 0.9x (10% less than P)

Step 2: Solve for x
– x – 40 = 0.9x
– x – 0.9x = 40
– 0.1x = 40
– x = 400

Final Scores:
– P scored 400 marks
– Q scored 360 marks (400 – 40)