Explanation:

Assertion (A) is correct: in the Delhi Sultanate, territory/revenue domains were divided into khalisa (crown land under direct administration of the Sultan, revenue going straight to the treasury) and assigned lands (iqtas; often loosely called jagirs in later usage). Though the precise Sultanate-era term is ‘iqta’ rather than ‘jagir’, the statement captures the basic division.
Reason (R) is false: jagirs/iqtas were not lands under the direct control of the State; they were revenue assignments to nobles/officials (jagirdars/iqtadars) in lieu of salary, with the state retaining ultimate ownership but not day-to-day administration. It is khalisa, not jagir, that denotes land directly controlled by the State.
Hence, (A) is true but (R) is false.

Explanation:

Assertion (A) is true: Major perennial rivers like the Indus, Ganga, and Brahmaputra (and their tributaries) originate in the Himalayas.

Reason (R) is also true: The higher ranges (especially the Great Himalaya/Himadri) are snow-covered and glacier-clad throughout the year. This perennial snow and extensive glaciation supply sustained meltwater, especially in the dry season, which—along with monsoonal rainfall—keeps these rivers flowing year-round.

Hence, (R) correctly explains why the Himalayan rivers are perennial. Therefore, Option 4 is correct.

Explanation:

Statement 1 is incorrect: MISHTI (Mangrove Initiative for Shoreline Habitats & Tangible Income) was announced in the Union Budget 2023-24, not in 2019. It is to be implemented through convergence of funds such as CAMPA and MGNREGA, among others.
Statement 2 is correct: MISHTI aims to restore and expand mangrove forests through plantation along coastlines and saltpan lands, enhancing coastal protection and livelihoods.
Hence, only statement 2 is correct.

Explanation:

Pairs asked for NOT correctly matched:
– 1. Baglihar Dam – Chenab: Correct. Baglihar (J&K) is on the Chenab River.
– 2. Pandoh Dam – Ravi: Incorrect. Pandoh Dam is on the Beas River (Mandi, HP), part of the Beas project, diverting water to the Sutlej; not on Ravi.
– 3. Srisailam Dam – Tungabhadra: Incorrect. Srisailam Dam is across the Krishna River (Andhra Pradesh–Telangana border). The major dam on Tungabhadra is the Tungabhadra (Hospet) Dam.

Explanation:

BIMSTEC has seven members: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. Thailand is a founding member (1997), while Nepal and Bhutan joined in 2004. Indonesia is not a member of BIMSTEC (it is part of ASEAN and IORA, but not BIMSTEC). Hence, among the given countries, only Indonesia is not a member.

Explanation:

Correct matching:
– A. Dachingam (intended as Dachigam National Park) → Jammu & Kashmir (4): Near Srinagar, famous for the Hangul (Kashmir stag).
– B. Keoladeo → Rajasthan (2): Keoladeo Ghana National Park, Bharatpur; renowned bird sanctuary.
– C. Kanha → Madhya Pradesh (1): In Mandla–Balaghat region; noted for barasingha conservation.
– D. Periyar → Kerala (3): Periyar Tiger Reserve, Thekkady, Western Ghats.

Hence, A-4, B-2, C-1, D-3 → Option 4.

Explanation:

All three listed are the recognized Financial Committees of the Indian Parliament: (1) Public Accounts Committee (PAC) examines the accounts and CAG reports to ensure legislative control over public expenditure; (2) Estimates Committee examines budget estimates and suggests economies and improvements; (3) Committee on Public Undertakings (COPU) examines the reports and accounts of PSUs and evaluates their efficiency. Hence, all 1, 2, and 3 are Financial Committees.

Explanation:

Global water distribution clearly shows: Oceans (~96.5%) hold by far the largest share; Polar ice and glaciers (~1.7–2%) come next; Groundwater (~1.6–1.7% including saline and fresh) follows; Rivers are minuscule (~0.0001%). Hence the descending order is 1 (Oceans) > 3 (Polar ice & glaciers) > 4 (Groundwater) > 2 (Rivers).

Explanation:

• Mandi: A Late Harappan (Indus Valley) site in western Uttar Pradesh (Upper Ganga–Yamuna Doab); listed among Harappan presences in present-day UP.
• Rakhigarhi: Located in Hisar district, Haryana (the largest Harappan site in India), not in Uttar Pradesh.
• Hulas: A well-known Late Harappan site in Saharanpur district, Uttar Pradesh.

Explanation:

A–3: Trivikram Bhatta wrote Nal Champu (Nalachampu), an early champu-kavya on Nala–Damayanti.
B–4: Somadeva authored Katha Sarit Sagar, the famous Sanskrit compendium of tales based on the lost Brihatkatha.
C–1: Jaidev (Jayadeva) composed Gita Govinda, the celebrated lyrical poem on Krishna and Radha.
D–2: Kshemendra wrote Brihatkathamanjari, a summary of the Brihatkatha.