Explanation:

Statement 1 — Correct: As per Article 243E of the Constitution (73rd Amendment), a Panchayat shall continue for five years from the date appointed for its first meeting, unless sooner dissolved.

Statement 2 — Incorrect: Article 243D specifies reservations. Not less than one-third (33.33%) of the seats reserved for SCs/STs must be reserved for women of those categories, not one-fourth (25%). Additionally, at least one-third of the total seats are reserved for women overall.

Explanation:

Only Lalitpur shares its boundary with exactly one Uttar Pradesh district.
– Lalitpur: Lies as a southern projection of UP into Madhya Pradesh; within UP it touches only Jhansi. Hence it qualifies.
– Saharanpur: Borders two UP districts—Muzaffarnagar and Shamli—besides Haryana and Uttarakhand. So not “only one”.
– Sonbhadra: In the southeast, it borders two UP districts—Mirzapur and Chandauli—along with MP, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and Bihar. So not “only one”.
Therefore, only statement 1 is correct; Option 4.

Explanation:

Chronology with years:
– Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP) — 1978–79 (pilot), nationwide 1980–81 — earliest.
– National Rural Employment Programme (NREP) — launched in 1980.
– Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA) — 1982–83 as a sub-scheme of IRDP.
– Jawahar Rojgar Yojana (JRY) — launched in 1989 by merging NREP and RLEGP — latest.

Thus, the correct chronological order is 3, 4, 2, 1.

Explanation:

Correct matching:
– A. Union Constitution Committee — Jawaharlal Nehru (he chaired this and the Union Powers Committee)
– B. Rules of Procedure Committee — Dr. Rajendra Prasad (as President of the Constituent Assembly)
– C. Drafting Committee — Dr. B. R. Ambedkar (Chairman)
– D. Fundamental Rights Sub-committee — J. B. Kripalani (a sub-committee under Sardar Patel’s Advisory Committee)

Thus, A-4, B-1, C-3, D-2 → Option 3.

Explanation:

Only Nilanjana S. Roy is an Indian novelist-journalist on the five-member jury for the 2026 International Booker Prize.

Explanation:

Statement 1 is correct: Blood consists of a fluid matrix (plasma) and formed elements (cells), namely red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes).
Statement 2 is correct: The red color of blood is due to hemoglobin in red blood cells; the heme group with iron gives a red hue (bright red when oxygenated, darker red when deoxygenated).
Therefore, both statements are correct.

Explanation:

Chronology with key facts:
– Battle of Daurah (1532): Humayun defeated the Afghan chiefs in Bihar; this predates his later clashes with Sher Shah Suri.
– Battle of Chausa (1539): Sher Shah (then Sher Khan) decisively defeated Humayun near Buxar.
– Battle of Kannauj/Bilgram (1540): Sher Shah Suri again defeated Humayun, forcing his exile.
– Battle of Samugarh (1658): During the Mughal War of Succession, Aurangzeb defeated Dara Shikoh near Agra.

Thus, the correct chronological order is 2, 4, 1, 3.

Explanation:

Both statements are correct. (1) In ancient Greek geography, the term ‘Erythraean Sea’ was used for the waters encompassing the Red Sea and much of the Indian Ocean region; the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea describes trade routes across the Arabian Sea to Indian ports. (2) The Indian Ocean straddles the Equator—while most of it lies in the Southern Hemisphere, substantial parts (Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal) lie north of the Equator—so it is spread on both sides. Hence, option 3 is correct.

Explanation:

Evaluate each pair:
– Lactic acid – Curd: Correct. Curd forms when Lactobacillus ferments lactose into lactic acid, giving the sour taste.
– Tartaric acid – Grapes: Correct. Grapes are naturally rich in tartaric acid (also seen as potassium bitartrate deposits in wine).
– Acetic acid – Potato: Incorrect. Acetic acid is the main acid in vinegar, not in potatoes. Potatoes contain small amounts of acids like oxalic, citric, and malic, not acetic.

Hence, the only NOT correctly matched pair is 3.

Explanation:

Statement 1 is correct: The Global Multi-Dimensional Poverty Index (MPI) was developed by OPHI with UNDP and was first launched in the UNDP Human Development Report 2010, replacing the Human Poverty Index.

Statement 2 is incorrect: MPI does not use an income/consumption threshold (such as the World Bank’s “$1 a day” line); it identifies acute multidimensional poverty via deprivations in health, education, and living standards (e.g., nutrition, child mortality, years of schooling, school attendance, electricity, sanitation, drinking water, flooring, cooking fuel, and assets) with a 1/3 deprivation cutoff. The $1/day measure is a separate monetary poverty line.

Hence, only Statement 1 is correct.