Explanation:

Social indicators of poverty capture non-income deprivations in education, health, basic amenities, and employment.
– Illiteracy (1): A classic social indicator reflecting educational deprivation among the poor.
– Safe drinking water (2): Access (or lack thereof) to safe drinking water is a key social indicator of living conditions.
– Job opportunities (3): Lack of job opportunities/unemployment is commonly included among social indicators of poverty.
– Size of the house (4): Not a standard social indicator in the usual NCERT/UPSC listing; it pertains more to housing/asset characteristics rather than the conventional social indicators such as education, health, water/sanitation, and employment.

Therefore, the item that is NOT a social indicator is Only 4.

Explanation:

Correct matching:
– Eleventh Finance Commission (2000–05): Prof. A. M. Khusro → 3
– Twelfth Finance Commission (2005–10): Dr. C. Rangarajan → 1
– Thirteenth Finance Commission (2010–15): Dr. Vijay L. Kelkar → 4
– Fourteenth Finance Commission (2015–20): Dr. Y. V. Reddy → 2
Thus, A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2 → Option 1.

Explanation:

Statement 1 is correct: The Amazonian equatorial rainforests are commonly referred to as ‘Selvas’ in classical geography (selva/selvas meaning jungle in Portuguese/Spanish).

Statement 2 is incorrect: ‘Terra roxa’ literally means ‘purple earth’ and is a reddish to purplish, highly fertile soil derived from basalt in southern Brazil, famous for coffee cultivation—not a dark black soil. The black, very fertile anthropogenic soil in the Amazon is called ‘terra preta’, not terra roxa.

Therefore, only Statement 1 is correct.

Explanation:

Pairs analysis:
– 1. International Ozone Day – 16 September: Correct. The UN General Assembly designated 16 September (date of the 1987 Montreal Protocol) as the International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer.
– 2. World Environment Day – 5 June: Correct. Observed annually on 5 June, marking the opening of the 1972 Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment.
– 3. World Wildlife Day – 22 March: Incorrect. World Wildlife Day is on 3 March (the date CITES was signed in 1973). 22 March is World Water Day.

Explanation:

Statement 1 is correct: Lichens are well-known bioindicators of air pollution, especially sulfur dioxide. They absorb water and nutrients directly from the atmosphere and lack protective structures, making them highly sensitive to airborne pollutants; their presence, absence, or diversity reliably reflects air quality.
Statement 2 is incorrect: Lichens do not grow well in polluted (urban/industrial) areas; high levels of pollutants like SO2 suppress or eliminate them.

Explanation:

The Global Financial Stability Report (GFSR) is published by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) twice a year to assess global financial markets, vulnerabilities, and systemic risks.

The World Economic Forum does not publish this report; it is known for reports like the Global Risks Report and the Global Competitiveness Report.

The World Bank also does not publish the GFSR; it releases the World Development Report and Global Economic Prospects. Therefore, only statement 1 is correct, making Option 4 the right answer.

Explanation:

The Global Wage Report is a flagship biennial publication of the International Labour Organization (ILO). The 2024–25 edition, like previous ones, is released by the ILO. The World Bank (and its lending arm, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development—IBRD) does not publish the Global Wage Report; their flagship publications include the World Development Report and Global Economic Prospects. Hence:
– Statement 1 is correct.
– Statements 2 and 3 are incorrect.
Therefore, the correct option is 4 (Only 1).

Explanation:

Sites not in Uttar Pradesh:
– Rudrasagar Lake (Tripura): Ramsar site near Neermahal, Sipahijala district; not in UP.
– Sultanpur National Park (Haryana): Ramsar site in Gurugram district; not in UP.

Sites in Uttar Pradesh:
– Sarsai Nawar Jheel: Ramsar site in Etawah, Uttar Pradesh.
– Samaspur Bird Sanctuary: Ramsar site in Rae Bareli, Uttar Pradesh.

Hence, the correct pair of sites NOT in UP is 3 and 4.

Explanation:

Correct matching:
– A (Babur) → 4 (Kabul): Babur is buried at Bagh-e Babur in Kabul.
– B (Humayun) → 3 (Delhi): Humayun’s Tomb is in Nizamuddin, Delhi.
– C (Jahangir) → 2 (Lahore): Jahangir’s mausoleum is at Shahdara Bagh, Lahore.
– D (Shah Jahan) → 1 (Agra): Shah Jahan is interred in the Taj Mahal, Agra, beside Mumtaz Mahal.
Thus, A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1 → Option 1.

Explanation:

The 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976 inserted the words ‘Socialist’ and ‘Secular’ into the Preamble, changing ‘Sovereign Democratic Republic’ to ‘Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic.’ It also added ‘and integrity’ to the phrase ‘unity of the Nation.’ ‘Sovereign’ and ‘Republic’ were already part of the original Preamble (1950) and were not inserted by the 42nd Amendment.
– Option 1 (1 and 3): Incorrect; ‘Sovereign’ was original, not inserted.
– Option 2 (3 and 4): Incorrect; both ‘Sovereign’ and ‘Republic’ were original.
– Option 3 (2 and 3): Incorrect; includes ‘Sovereign,’ which was original.
– Option 4 (1 and 2): Correct; ‘Socialist’ and ‘Secular’ were added by the 42nd Amendment.