Explanation:

Statement 1 is correct: Blood consists of a fluid matrix (plasma) and formed elements (cells), namely red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes).
Statement 2 is correct: The red color of blood is due to hemoglobin in red blood cells; the heme group with iron gives a red hue (bright red when oxygenated, darker red when deoxygenated).
Therefore, both statements are correct.

Explanation:

Chronology with key facts:
– Battle of Daurah (1532): Humayun defeated the Afghan chiefs in Bihar; this predates his later clashes with Sher Shah Suri.
– Battle of Chausa (1539): Sher Shah (then Sher Khan) decisively defeated Humayun near Buxar.
– Battle of Kannauj/Bilgram (1540): Sher Shah Suri again defeated Humayun, forcing his exile.
– Battle of Samugarh (1658): During the Mughal War of Succession, Aurangzeb defeated Dara Shikoh near Agra.

Thus, the correct chronological order is 2, 4, 1, 3.

Explanation:

Both statements are correct. (1) In ancient Greek geography, the term ‘Erythraean Sea’ was used for the waters encompassing the Red Sea and much of the Indian Ocean region; the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea describes trade routes across the Arabian Sea to Indian ports. (2) The Indian Ocean straddles the Equator—while most of it lies in the Southern Hemisphere, substantial parts (Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal) lie north of the Equator—so it is spread on both sides. Hence, option 3 is correct.

Explanation:

Evaluate each pair:
– Lactic acid – Curd: Correct. Curd forms when Lactobacillus ferments lactose into lactic acid, giving the sour taste.
– Tartaric acid – Grapes: Correct. Grapes are naturally rich in tartaric acid (also seen as potassium bitartrate deposits in wine).
– Acetic acid – Potato: Incorrect. Acetic acid is the main acid in vinegar, not in potatoes. Potatoes contain small amounts of acids like oxalic, citric, and malic, not acetic.

Hence, the only NOT correctly matched pair is 3.

Explanation:

Statement 1 is correct: The Global Multi-Dimensional Poverty Index (MPI) was developed by OPHI with UNDP and was first launched in the UNDP Human Development Report 2010, replacing the Human Poverty Index.

Statement 2 is incorrect: MPI does not use an income/consumption threshold (such as the World Bank’s “$1 a day” line); it identifies acute multidimensional poverty via deprivations in health, education, and living standards (e.g., nutrition, child mortality, years of schooling, school attendance, electricity, sanitation, drinking water, flooring, cooking fuel, and assets) with a 1/3 deprivation cutoff. The $1/day measure is a separate monetary poverty line.

Hence, only Statement 1 is correct.

Explanation:

Agulhas Current (1) and Brazil Current (2) are warm currents. The Agulhas is a warm western boundary current of the South Indian Ocean gyre flowing south along southeast Africa. The Brazil Current is a warm western boundary current of the South Atlantic gyre flowing south along the Brazilian coast. Humboldt (Peru) Current (3) and California Current (4) are cold eastern boundary currents, associated with upwelling, along the west coasts of South America and North America respectively.

Therefore, the currents that are NOT cold are 1 and 2.

Explanation:

Chronological placement by widely accepted dates:
– Namdev: c. 1270–1350 CE (earliest; Varkari saint of Maharashtra)
– Kabir: c. 1440–1518 CE (15th–16th century)
– Guru Nanak: 1469–1539 CE
– Chaitanya Mahaprabhu: 1486–1534 CE
Thus, the correct order is 3 (Namdev) → 4 (Kabir) → 1 (Nanak) → 2 (Chaitanya), i.e., Option 3.

Explanation:

Statement 1 is correct: Earthworms improve soil structure and fertility by burrowing, aeration, and producing nutrient-rich castings; hence they are popularly called the farmer’s friend (and nature’s ploughman).

Statement 2 is incorrect: Earthworms do not have only two pairs of hearts; they possess multiple heart-like aortic arches—typically five pairs in Lumbricus and four pairs in Pheretima—so certainly more than two. Therefore, only Statement 1 is correct. 

Explanation:

Chronological order with years:
– 2. Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) – 2005
– 4. National Urban Housing and Habitat Policy – 2007
– 1. Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) – 2015
– 3. Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) – 2019

Therefore, the correct sequence is 2, 4, 1, 3.

Explanation:

The Fazal Ali Commission refers to the States Reorganisation Commission (1953–55), chaired by Justice Fazl Ali with two members: H. N. Kunzru and K. M. Panikkar. Hence, among the given names, K. M. Panikkar (2) and H. N. Kunzru (listed as H. N. Kunjaru in the options) (4) were members.

Why others are incorrect:
– K. T. Shah (1): Not a member of the SRC; he was a prominent Constituent Assembly member and economist.
– P. Sitaramaiah (3): Refers to (B.) Pattabhi Sitaramayya, who was part of the JVP Committee (Nehru–Patel–Pattabhi) on linguistic provinces in 1948, not the SRC.

Therefore, the correct pair is 2 and 4.