Q. Explain how fake news and disinformation pose threat to Internal Security and Public Order in Indian context? In this regard, discuss salient features of amendments in respect of Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules 2021.

Model Answer: 

Disinformation serves as a non-kinetic tool in fifth-generation warfare, weaponizing digital hyper-connectivity to destabilize public order and internal security.

Threats to Internal Security and Public Order

• Communal Incitement: Morphed audio-visuals trigger localized communal clashes and polarization (e.g., Muzaffarnagar riots, 2013).
• Vigilantism and Mob Lynching: Viral, unverified rumors induce panic, triggering deadly mob violence (e.g., WhatsApp-driven child-lifting hoaxes).
• Cross-Border Asymmetric Warfare: Adversaries leverage bot networks and echo chambers for terror recruitment and separatism (e.g., ISIS/Khalistani propaganda).
• Institutional Destabilization: Coordinated cognitive warfare erodes public trust in democratic apparatuses, disaster management, and public health systems.

Salient Features of Amended IT Rules (2022–2023)

• Grievance Appellate Committees (GACs): Establishes government-appointed appellate panels to hear citizen appeals against Big Tech moderation decisions.
• Enhanced Due Diligence (Rule 3(1)(b)): Obligates intermediaries to proactively prevent users from hosting misinformation, deepfakes, or impersonated content.
• Conditioned Safe Harbour: Strips legal immunity under Section 79 of the IT Act if platforms fail to remove unlawful content within prescribed timelines (72 hours).
• Fact-Check Mechanism: Empowers notified government bodies to flag false information regarding Union Government business.

Combating digital subversion requires institutional deterrence and algorithmic accountability, balancing internal security mandates with constitutional free speech under Article 19.