Explanation : 

Q1: Analysis of Assumptions

Let’s examine if the passage supports either assumption:

1. “Parents have a greater role than governments”
– The passage only mentions parents in the context of their expectations
– No comparison is made between parental and governmental roles
– This assumption cannot be derived from the passage

2. “Uniform curriculum may address the issues”
– The passage discusses problems with reading and arithmetic abilities
– It doesn’t suggest or imply that curriculum uniformity would solve these issues
– This assumption cannot be derived from the passage

Therefore, answer (d) “Neither 1 nor 2” is correct since neither assumption can be validated from the passage.

Q2: Central Idea

Key points from the passage:
– Students have poor academic competencies
– They have expectations of higher education
– There’s a gap between their abilities and expectations
– They can’t enter workforce until 18
– Most don’t want to return to agriculture

Looking at the options:
a) Poverty is not mentioned as a factor
b) Monetary incentives aren’t discussed
c) The passage highlights the mismatch between competencies and expectations
d) Agricultural focus isn’t presented as a solution

Option (c) best captures the central theme – there’s a need to align students’ actual competencies with their future expectations through public policy, as evidenced by the discussion of the gap between current abilities and future aspirations.

Explanation : 

Q1. Central Idea Analysis:
– The paragraph discusses how:
1. Not all voices have equal reach on the internet
2. Those with money can amplify their voices
3. Political discourse is affected by this imbalance
4. Social media prioritizes engagement over content quality
5. Content can be inflammatory but still gets promoted

Looking at the options:
– The paragraph doesn’t celebrate social media’s information access (a)
– It’s not about social media being inevitable (d)
– It doesn’t claim social media strengthens democracy (c)
– Option (b) aligns with the passage’s criticism of how social media operates as a profit-driven system rather than a democratic forum

The correct answer b) is indeed the best match as it captures the passage’s critique of social media as commercial entities rather than democratic institutions.

Q2. Assumptions Analysis:
Let’s examine each assumption:

1. “Internet is not inclusive enough”
– The passage states “Not every voice commands the same audience” and mentions how money can buy louder voices
– This implies inequitable access and influence, supporting this assumption

2. “Internet can adversely affect the quality of politics”
– The passage explicitly states “the quality of politics suffers”
– It mentions how political discourse becomes about “outshining opponents” and promotes inflammatory content

Both assumptions are clearly supported by the passage, making c) “Both 1 and 2” the correct answer.

Explanation : 

Q1 Analysis:
1. The passage discusses how iconic Western cities benefited from systems approach planning
2. It emphasizes the interdisciplinary nature of planning education in Western universities, combining:
– Computing and statistics
– Social sciences
– Geography
– Architecture
3. The passage contrasts this with India’s different approach
4. Looking at the options, (a) is the most logical inference because:
– The passage shows success coming from diverse expertise
– It demonstrates how combining multiple disciplines led to effective planning
– Other options (b, c, d) discuss issues not directly supported by the passage

Q2 Analysis:
1. For Assumption 1: “India needs new urban professionals with modern knowledge”
– This is reasonable given the passage states India’s planning differs from the West
– The passage shows how Western success came from well-trained professionals
– This assumption aligns with the passage’s implications

2. For Assumption 2: “Indian universities have no capacity for systems approach”
– The passage only states that Indian planning education differs
– It doesn’t suggest Indian universities lack capacity or potential
– This is too extreme an assumption not supported by the text

Therefore:
– Answer (a) “1 only” is correct because while Assumption 1 can be reasonably inferred, Assumption 2 goes beyond what the passage supports.

Explanation : 

Q1. Let’s examine the given statements:

1. “Central banks cannot bring down inflation without budgetary backing”
– The passage states that “Without the fiscal backup, monetary policy eventually loses traction”
– It also mentions that higher interest rates can become inflationary instead of disinflationary without fiscal support
– This statement is supported by the passage

2. “The effects of monetary policy depend on the fiscal policies pursued by the government”
– The passage shows that government spending decisions affect how monetary policy works
– When governments continue to spend freely despite higher interest rates, it undermines the intended disinflationary effect
– Fiscal policy choices clearly influence monetary policy effectiveness
– This statement is also supported by the passage

Answer: (c) Both 1 and 2
Both statements are logical inferences that can be made from the passage.

Q2. Let’s examine the assumptions:

1. “Fiscal policies of governments are solely responsible for higher prices”
– The passage discusses both monetary and fiscal factors affecting inflation
– It doesn’t suggest that fiscal policy is the sole cause of higher prices
– This is not a valid assumption

2. “Higher prices do not affect the long-term government bonds”
– The passage doesn’t discuss this relationship at all
– No information is provided about the effect of prices on government bonds
– This is not a valid assumption

Answer: (d) Neither 1 nor 2
Neither assumption can be validated based on the information provided in the passage.

Explanation : 

Let’s determine the values of P, Q, R, S, and T based on the given conditions and the available numbers: 4, 5, 10, 12, 15.

Step 1: Analyze the Equation Q – S = 2S
This simplifies to:
Q = 3S

We need to find pairs (S, Q) where Q is three times S and both are among the available numbers:
– If S = 4, then Q = 12 (valid)
– If S = 5, then Q = 15 (valid)
– S = 10 would give Q = 30 (invalid)
– S = 12 would give Q = 36 (invalid)
– S = 15 would give Q = 45 (invalid)

So, the possible pairs are (S, Q) = (4, 12) or (5, 15).

Step 2: Analyze the Equation T = R + S + 3

Case 1: S = 4 and Q = 12
Substitute S = 4 into the equation:
T = R + 4 + 3 = R + 7

The remaining numbers are 5, 10, 15:
– If R = 5, then T = 12 (already assigned to Q, invalid)
– If R = 10, then T = 17 (invalid)
– If R = 15, then T = 22 (invalid)

This case yields no valid solution.

Case 2: S = 5 and Q = 15
Substitute S = 5 into the equation:
T = R + 5 + 3 = R + 8

The remaining numbers are 4, 10, 12:
– If R = 4, then T = 12 (valid)
– If R = 10, then T = 18 (invalid)
– If R = 12, then T = 20 (invalid)

Thus, the valid assignments are:
– S = 5
– Q = 15
– R = 4
– T = 12
– P = 10 (the only remaining number)

Step 3: Calculate P + R – T
P + R – T = 10 + 4 – 12 = 2

Answer: b) 2

Explanation : 

To determine the missing number in the sequence 3, 14, 39, 84, *, 258, we’ll analyze the pattern based on the hint: “Use sum of number square & cube.”

Step-by-Step Reasoning:

1. Identify the Position (n) of Each Term:
n = 1: 3
n = 2: 14
n = 3: 39
n = 4: 84
n = 5: ?
n = 6: 258

2. Apply the Formula:
The pattern suggests that each term is the sum of the cube and square of its position number (n), plus the number itself.
Formula: Term = n³ + n² + n

3. Calculate Each Term Using the Formula:
For n = 1:
1³ + 1² + 1 = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3

For n = 2:
2³ + 2² + 2 = 8 + 4 + 2 = 14

For n = 3:
3³ + 3² + 3 = 27 + 9 + 3 = 39

For n = 4:
4³ + 4² + 4 = 64 + 16 + 4 = 84

For n = 5:
5³ + 5² + 5 = 125 + 25 + 5 = 155

For n = 6:
6³ + 6² + 6 = 216 + 36 + 6 = 258

4. Conclusion:
The missing term for n = 5 is 155.

Final Answer: b) 155

Explanation : 

To determine how the word “ARENA” is encoded, let’s analyze the given examples:

1. POT → ATOP
Original Word: POT
Reversed: TOP
Encoded: A + TOP = ATOP

2. TRAP → APART
Original Word: TRAP
Reversed: PART
Encoded: A + PART = APART

From these examples, the pattern is clear:
– Add an “A” at the beginning
– Reverse the original word and append it after the “A”

Applying this pattern to “ARENA”:

Original Word: ARENA
Reversed: ANERA
Encoded: A + ANERA = AANERA

Answer: d) AANERA

Explanation : 

To determine how “IJKL” is encoded, let’s analyze the given examples:

1. ABCD:
A = 1, B = 2, C = 3, D = 4
Product: 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 = 24

2. EFGH:
E = 5, F = 6, G = 7, H = 8
Product: 5 x 6 x 7 x 8 = 1680

The pattern involves taking the numerical value of each letter (A=1, B=2, …, Z=26) and multiplying them together.

3. IJKL:
I = 9, J = 10, K = 11, L = 12
Product: 9 x 10 x 11 x 12 = 11880

Answer: a) 11880

Explanation : 

Statement 1: “If 2x is not less than 3y AND 3x equals 4z, then 9y is greater than 8z”

Analysis:
1. From 3x equals 4z, we can say x equals 4z/3
2. Putting this in first condition: 2(4z/3) is not less than 3y
3. Simplifying: 8z/3 is not less than 3y
4. Multiplying both sides by 3: 8z is not less than 9y
5. Therefore: 9y is less than or equal to 8z
6. But statement claims 9y is greater than 8z
7. This is a contradiction

Statement 2: “If x is less than 2y AND y is not greater than z, then x is not greater than z”

Analysis:
1. From first condition: x < 2y
2. From second condition: y ≤ z
3. Putting these together: x < 2z
4. However, x < 2z does not guarantee that x ≤ z
5. Counter example: Let z = 1, y = 1, x = 1.9
– Here x < 2y is true (1.9 < 2)
– y ≤ z is true (1 ≤ 1)
– But x ≤ z is false (1.9 is not ≤ 1)

Therefore, both statements are false.

Explanation : 

Original Expression:
10 + 30 – 100 x 50 / 25

Replacing each operator simultaneously:
The plus sign (+) becomes minus (-)
The minus sign (-) becomes multiply (x)
The multiply sign (x) becomes divide (/)
The divide sign (/) becomes plus (+)

After replacing all operators at once, the expression becomes:
10 – 30 x 100 / 50 + 25

Now let’s solve this expression following standard order of operations:

First step: Work out multiplication
30 x 100 equals 3000

Second step: Work out division
3000 / 50 equals 60

Third step: The expression is now
10 – 60 + 25

Fourth step: Work from left to right with subtraction and addition
10 minus 60 equals -50
-50 plus 25 equals -25

Therefore, the final answer is -25