Explanation:

Correct chronological order of the Buddhist Councils by place is: Rajagriha (1st) → Vaishali (2nd) → Pataliputra (3rd) → Kundalvana (4th). Mapping to the given list: 2, 1, 4, 3.

Justification:
– 1st Council: Rajagriha (Sattapanni cave), under Ajatashatru, soon after the Buddha’s parinirvana; led by Mahakassapa.
– 2nd Council: Vaishali, about a century later, under Kalasoka, addressing disputes over monastic discipline.
– 3rd Council: Pataliputra, under Ashoka (c. 3rd century BCE), led by Moggaliputta Tissa; purification of the Sangha and dispatch of missions.
– 4th Council: Kundalvana (Kashmir), under Kanishka (c. 1st–2nd century CE), associated with the Sarvastivadin tradition.

Explanation:

Tenures: Neelam Sanjiva Reddy (1977–1982), R. Venkataraman (1987–1992), K.R. Narayanan (1997–2002), A.P.J. Abdul Kalam (2002–2007). Chronologically from earliest to latest: 1 → 4 → 2 → 3.
– Option 1 (1, 4, 2, 3): Correct sequence as per actual tenures.

Explanation:

– pH 7 is neutral at 25°C. Acids have pH < 7 and bases (alkalis) have pH > 7.
– Statement 1: “Acidic solutions have pH more than 7” — Incorrect (it should be less than 7).
– Statement 2: “Basic solutions have pH less than 7” — Incorrect (it should be greater than 7).
– Therefore, neither statement is correct.

Explanation:

Nepali (added by the 71st Constitutional Amendment, 1992), Dogri and Bodo (both added by the 92nd Constitutional Amendment, 2003) are included in the Eighth Schedule. Bhojpuri is not among the 22 scheduled languages. Therefore, only statement 4 (Bhojpuri) is NOT included.

Explanation:

Chronological order by formation: (4) Dandekar and Rath (early 1970s; seminal study on poverty line), (1) Lakdawala Committee/Expert Group (set up late 1980s; report 1993), (3) Tendulkar Committee (set up 2005; report 2009), (2) Rangarajan Committee (set up 2012; report 2014). Hence: 4, 1, 3, 2.

Explanation:

In a typical 70 kg adult male, approximate total body contents are: copper ≈ 0.08–0.12 g, iron ≈ 3–4 g, sodium ≈ 90–110 g, and potassium ≈ 120–160 g. Hence the correct increasing order is copper < iron < sodium < potassium, i.e., 3, 4, 1, 2

Explanation:

Assertion (A) is true: National integration is a multi-dimensional process encompassing political (constitutional and administrative unity), economic (equitable development), social (eradicating communal/caste/regional divides), cultural (respecting and accommodating diversity), and psychological (a sense of common nationhood) dimensions, and it requires inter-relations among these.

Reason (R) is also true: The National Integration Council (NIC) was constituted in 1961 under Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru to review threats to national integration—such as communalism, casteism, regionalism, and linguism—and to promote the ideal often encapsulated as ‘Unity in Diversity’.

However, (R) does not correctly explain (A). (R) states an institutional fact about the NIC’s establishment and guiding ideal; it does not explain why the concept of national integration necessarily involves multiple interrelated dimensions. Therefore, both statements are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

Explanation:

Statement 1 is correct: Dolphins and whales (cetaceans) are mammals that breathe atmospheric air through blowholes—modified nostrils located on top of the head. Toothed whales (including dolphins) have a single blowhole; baleen whales have two. They do not extract oxygen from water.

Statement 2 is correct: Earthworms lack lungs or gills and respire through their moist, vascularized skin by diffusion (cutaneous respiration).

Explanation:

Pushkar is a town in Ajmer district, Rajasthan. The event termed “Pushkar Kumbh Mela 2025” was organized at Pushkar Lake in May 2025, hence it pertains to Rajasthan only.

Therefore, only State 1 (Rajasthan) is correct.

Explanation:

A → 2: Shri Osamu Suzuki is the long-time leader of Suzuki Motor Corporation, pivotal to India’s automobile sector (Maruti Suzuki) — Trade & Industry.
B → 3: Shri M. T. Vasudevan Nair is an eminent Malayalam writer and Jnanpith laureate — Literature & Education.
C → 4: Shri D. Nageshwar Reddy is a renowned gastroenterologist, founder of the Asian Institute of Gastroenterology — Medicine.
D → 1: Shri Lakshminarayana (L.) Subramaniam is a celebrated violinist and composer — Art (Music).