Explanation:

Evaluate each pair:
1. Lipulekh – Ladakh: Incorrect. Lipulekh Pass is in Uttarakhand (Pithoragarh district) at the India–Nepal–Tibet tri-junction, not in Ladakh.
2. Nathu La – Sikkim: Correct. Nathu La is on the India–Tibet border in East Sikkim.
3. Bomdila – Arunachal Pradesh: Correct. Bomdi La (Bomdila) Pass lies in West Kameng district, Arunachal Pradesh, on the route to Tawang.
4. Shipki La – Himachal Pradesh: Correct. Shipki La is in Kinnaur district, Himachal Pradesh, on the India–Tibet border.

Hence, only pair 1 is NOT correctly matched.

Explanation:

Assertion (A) is true: India follows a Parliamentary (Westminster) system, with the President as nominal head and the Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister exercising real executive power.
Reason (R) is true: A defining feature of the parliamentary system is that the executive is responsible to the legislature—specifically, the Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha (Article 75(3) of the Constitution).
R correctly explains A: The executive’s accountability to the legislature is precisely what characterizes a parliamentary form of government; hence, R explains why India is said to have a parliamentary system.

Explanation:

Only pepsin is released in the stomach for protein digestion. Chief cells of the gastric glands secrete pepsinogen, which is activated to pepsin by gastric HCl; pepsin works optimally in the acidic pH of the stomach. Trypsin and chymotrypsin are pancreatic proteases; they are secreted into the duodenum as trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen and activated (by enteropeptidase and trypsin) in an alkaline environment. Hence they are not released in the stomach.
– Option 1 (Only 1 and 2): Incorrect—both chymotrypsin and trypsin are pancreatic, not gastric.
– Option 2 (Only 3): Correct—pepsin is the gastric protease.
– Option 3 (Only 2 and 3): Incorrect—includes trypsin, which is not released in the stomach.
– Option 4 (1, 2 and 3): Incorrect—adds pancreatic enzymes not secreted by the stomach.

Explanation:

Correct matching rests on each person’s primary field:
– A (Fiction) → 4 (Percival Everett): Everett is a renowned American novelist, so Fiction aligns with him.
– B (Music) → 3 (Susie Ibarra): Ibarra is an acclaimed composer-percussionist, fitting the Music category.
– C (Biography) → 1 (Jason Roberts): Roberts is known for biographical/narrative nonfiction (e.g., A Sense of the World), matching Biography.
– D (Drama) → 2 (Branden Jacobs-Jenkins): Jacobs-Jenkins is a prominent playwright, so Drama is the correct pairing.

Explanation:

Assertion (A) is true. It reflects the widely accepted Brundtland Commission (1987) definition of sustainable development: meeting present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, and doing so without degrading the environment.
Reason (R) is false. Agenda 21 was adopted at the UN Conference on Environment and Development (Earth Summit) in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, not 1995. It is a non-binding action plan endorsed by 178 countries.
Therefore, (A) is true but (R) is false.

Explanation:

Matching ports to states:
– A. Paradeep (Paradip) — Odisha (major port on the Odisha coast, Jagatsinghpur district) → A-3
– B. Tuticorin (Thoothukudi / V.O. Chidambaranar Port) — Tamil Nadu → B-1
– C. Kakinada — Andhra Pradesh (east coast, Godavari region) → C-4
– D. Alappuzha (Alleppey) — Kerala → D-2
Therefore, the correct code is A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2.

Explanation:

Assertion (A) is true: Buland Darwaza, the grand gateway at Fatehpur Sikri, was commissioned by the Mughal emperor Akbar.

Reason (R) is false: it was not built to commemorate the birth of his son Jahangir; rather, it commemorated Akbar’s victory in the Gujarat campaign (1572–73). Jahangir’s birth (as Prince Salim) is associated with Akbar’s reverence for Sheikh Salim Chishti and the development of Fatehpur Sikri, but not specifically with the Buland Darwaza. Therefore, (A) is true but (R) is false.

Explanation:

Meghaduta and Raghuvamsam (Raghuvamsha) are canonical works of Kalidasa—a lyric poem and a mahakavya (epic) respectively. Shringar Shatak (Shringara Shataka), however, is attributed to Bhartrhari, not Kalidasa.

Hence, Only 3 is not by Kalidasa.

Explanation:

Assertion (A) is true: In India, PIL has evolved as a key judicial tool to enforce constitutional and legal norms, ensure governmental accountability, and remedy systemic rights violations—functions central to maintaining the rule of law. The Supreme Court has explicitly linked PIL to ensuring observance of the rule of law and constitutional governance (e.g., Balwant Singh Chaufal, 2010).

Reason (R) is true: PIL broadened locus standi and adopted flexible procedures (including epistolary jurisdiction and continuing mandamus), thereby giving effective access to justice to socially and economically weaker sections who otherwise could not approach courts (e.g., Hussainara Khatoon on undertrials; Bandhua Mukti Morcha on bonded labour; S.P. Gupta on relaxed standing). This aligns with Article 39A’s mandate of equal justice and free legal aid.

R correctly explains A: Effective access to justice for all—especially the marginalized—is a core component of the rule of law. By enabling such access and facilitating enforcement of rights against state inaction or illegality, PIL becomes essential to realizing the rule of law in the Indian context.

Explanation:

The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), formed in 1981, includes six members: Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. Thus, Bahrain (1) and Qatar (4) are members. Iran (2) and Iraq (3) are not members of the GCC.