Explanation:

The accepted dimensions of food security are: Availability, Access/Accessibility, Utilization, and Stability (FAO framework). In NCERT texts, the three emphasized dimensions are Availability, Accessibility, and Affordability. “Accountability” is not a recognized dimension of food security.

– Availability: Ensuring sufficient food supply through production, stocks, and imports — a core dimension.
– Accessibility: Physical and economic access to food via markets, distribution, etc. — a core dimension.
– Affordability: The ability to purchase food at reasonable prices; treated as part of access or as a distinct dimension in NCERT — accepted dimension.
– Accountability: A governance principle, not a food security dimension.

Explanation:

Mapping each refinery to its state:
– A. Nayara — Vadinar (Jamnagar district), Gujarat → 2
– B. Manali — CPCL Manali refinery, Chennai, Tamil Nadu → 4
– C. Numaligarh — NRL, Golaghat district, Assam → 1
– D. Tatipaka — ONGC Tatipaka refinery, East Godavari, Andhra Pradesh → 3
Thus the correct sequence is A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3 → Option 2.

Explanation:

Assertion (A) is true: Investment in human capital (education, training, health, nutrition) yields returns in the future through higher productivity, better employment prospects, and higher lifetime earnings; these benefits materialize over time, hence the future orientation.

Reason (R) is also true: Education enhances skills and knowledge, and health reduces morbidity and absenteeism—both directly increase worker productivity. R correctly explains A because the mechanism by which human capital investments yield future returns is the productivity gain that translates into higher wages and output.

Explanation:

Correct matching:
– A–2: Kabir is traditionally held to be a disciple of Swami Ramananda, a leading Vaishnava Bhakti saint of Banaras.
– B–3: Amir Khusrau was the foremost murid (disciple) of the Chishti Sufi saint Nizamuddin Auliya.
– C–4: Surdas, the Krishna-bhakti poet, is associated with the Pushtimarg of Vallabhacharya (often cited as his disciple in standard references).
– D–1: Bhai Mardana was the close companion and disciple of Guru Nanak Dev, accompanying him on his udasis.

Hence, the correct code is A-2, B-3, C-4, D-1 (Option 3).

Explanation:

Statement 1 is correct: Under Article 312, if the Rajya Sabha (Council of States) declares by a resolution that it is necessary or expedient in the national interest, Parliament may by law create one or more All India Services.

Statement 2 is incorrect: The required majority is two-thirds of the members present and voting, not two-thirds of the total membership of the House.

Therefore, only Statement 1 is correct.

Explanation:

Statement 1 is correct: Under the Delhi Government’s Bio-decomposer Spray Programme, the Pusa bio-decomposer solution is prepared and sprayed free of cost for farmers in Delhi to help decompose paddy stubble in-situ into manure, thereby curbing stubble burning.

Statement 2 is correct: The bio-decomposer (Pusa Decomposer) was developed by IARI and is a microbial consortium made from several fungi that produce enzymes to break down lignocellulosic straw, accelerating its conversion into manure.

Explanation:

Pair-wise verification:
– Maolong – Arunachal Pradesh: Incorrect. Maolong (often spelled Mawlong) is in Meghalaya, not Arunachal Pradesh. Arunachal’s notable coal deposit is Namchik–Namphuk (Changlang district).
– Raniganj – West Bengal: Correct. Raniganj Coalfield is a major coalfield in West Bengal (Bardhaman belt), operated largely by ECL.
– Ramgarh – Jharkhand: Correct. Ramgarh coalfield/area is in Ramgarh district, Jharkhand under CCL.
– Talcher – Odisha: Correct. Talcher Coalfield lies in Angul district, Odisha under MCL.
Thus, pairs 2, 3, and 4 are correct, while 1 is not. Hence, Option 2 is correct.

Explanation:

• Chandauli: According to the India State of Forest Report (ISFR) 2023, Chandauli district had a forest cover of 21.63% of its total geographical area. This is more than 20%.
• Shravasti: The ISFR 2023 states that Shravasti district had a forest cover of 20.95% of its total geographical area. This also exceeds the 20% threshold.
• Bahraich: The ISFR 2023 shows that Bahraich district’s forest cover was 10.15% of its total geographical area, which is less than 20%.

Explanation:

Correct chronological order: 3 → 4 → 1 → 2.
– Gandhi–Irwin Pact (3): 5 March 1931 — suspended the Civil Disobedience Movement and enabled Gandhi to attend the Round Table Conference.
– Second Round Table Conference (4): September–December 1931.
– Poona Pact (1): 24 September 1932 — agreement between Gandhi and Ambedkar after the Communal Award.
– End of Civil Disobedience Movement (2): April 1934 — Gandhi finally withdrew the movement.

Explanation:

Statements 1 and 2 are correct. In December 1911, at the Delhi Durbar, King George V announced both the annulment of the 1905 Partition of Bengal and the transfer of the imperial capital from Calcutta to Delhi (implemented in 1912).

Statement 3 is incorrect because the Congress–Muslim League Lucknow Pact took place in 1916, not 1911.
Hence, Option 1 (1 and 2) is correct.