Q. Describe the major outcomes of the 26th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). What are the commitments made by India in this conference?

Model Answer: 

COP26 Outcomes and India’s Climate Commitments

The 26th Conference of the Parties (COP26) to the UNFCCC, held in Glasgow in November 2021, marked a significant milestone in global climate action. The conference resulted in several major outcomes that aim to accelerate efforts to combat climate change:

• The Glasgow Climate Pact: This agreement calls on countries to strengthen their 2030 emissions reduction targets by 2022, aiming to limit global warming to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.

• Coal phase-down: For the first time in COP history, countries agreed to “phase down” unabated coal power and inefficient fossil fuel subsidies, though the language was softened from “phase out” in the final text.

• Methane emissions reduction: Over 100 countries pledged to cut methane emissions by 30% by 2030, targeting a potent greenhouse gas.

• Paris Rulebook finalization: Agreement was reached on carbon market mechanisms (Article 6), enhancing transparency in reporting emissions and climate actions.

• Climate finance: Developed countries reaffirmed their commitment to mobilize $100 billion annually for developing nations, with a plan to reach this goal by 2023.

India, as a key player in global climate negotiations, made several significant commitments at COP26:

1. Net-zero target: India announced its goal to achieve net-zero emissions by 2070, marking its first long-term carbon neutrality commitment.

2. Renewable energy expansion: The country pledged to increase its non-fossil fuel energy capacity to 500 GW by 2030, up from the previous target of 450 GW.

3. Emissions intensity reduction: India committed to reducing the carbon intensity of its economy by 45% by 2030, compared to 2005 levels, enhancing its earlier target of 33-35%.

4. Forest cover expansion: A goal was set to increase forest cover to create an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent by 2030.

These commitments demonstrate India’s enhanced ambition in addressing climate change, balancing its development needs with environmental responsibilities. Notable examples include the rapid expansion of solar power (e.g., Bhadla Solar Park) and afforestation efforts (e.g., Compensatory Afforestation Fund).

Conclusion: COP26 outcomes and India’s commitments signify progress in global climate action, setting the stage for accelerated efforts towards a sustainable future.