Q. ‘Textual perspective is important in understanding of Indian Social System.’ Discuss.

Model Answer:

The textual perspective, central to the Indological approach, emphasizes studying classical and sacred texts to understand India’s social system. This approach reveals the normative and ideological foundations of Indian society.

Significance of Textual Analysis

G.S. Ghurye and Louis Dumont demonstrated how ancient texts provide crucial insights:

• Ideological Framework: Vedas, Dharmashastras (Manusmriti), and Epics codify concepts like Dharma (duty), Karma (action-consequence), and Purusharthas (life goals) that historically shaped social behavior and morality

• Social Hierarchy: The Varna system in texts offers the classical model for caste hierarchy, providing scriptural justification for social stratification—though distinct from operational Jati realities

• Civilizational Continuity: Texts trace cultural norms across millennia, connecting contemporary practices to ancient traditions and offering pan-Indian perspectives

Limitations and Critiques

M.N. Srinivas famously contrasted the “book view” with “field view,” highlighting critical gaps:

• Prescriptive vs. Lived Reality: Texts present idealized, Brahmanical views that differ from actual social experiences, especially of lower castes

• Static Representation: Textual approach overlooks historical evolution, regional variations, and dynamic social changes

• Subaltern Exclusion: Authored by elite upper castes, texts systematically neglect perspectives of Dalits, Adivasis, and women

Conclusion: While the textual perspective is indispensable for understanding ideological foundations, it must be complemented with empirical field studies. A holistic understanding requires integrating both “book view” and “field view” to capture Indian society’s complex, dynamic reality.