Q. What, according to you, are the factors responsible for the continuance of caste system in India? Explain.
UPSC Sociology 2024 Paper 2
Model Answer:
Factors Responsible for the Continuance of Caste System in India
The caste system in India persists due to a complex interplay of historical, religious, social, and political factors. This deeply entrenched social hierarchy has shown remarkable resilience despite modernization efforts.
Key factors contributing to its continuance include:
1. Religious legitimization: Ancient Hindu texts like the Manusmriti perpetuate caste norms through concepts of karma and dharma. Louis Dumont highlighted how notions of purity and pollution maintain caste hierarchies.
2. Socialization and endogamy: G.S. Ghurye emphasized how caste identities are internalized from childhood and reinforced through endogamous marriage practices.
3. Economic ties: André Béteille observed that caste networks often facilitate employment opportunities, maintaining economic interdependence.
4. Political exploitation: Caste serves as a significant mobilizing factor in Indian politics, with parties often reinforcing caste consciousness for electoral gains.
5. Inadequate policy implementation: Anti-discrimination laws and reservation policies sometimes inadvertently solidify caste distinctions.
6. Adaptation to modernization: Yogendra Singh noted that caste often adapts to new contexts rather than being eliminated by urbanization and education.
In conclusion, the caste system’s persistence stems from its multifaceted nature, deeply embedded in various aspects of Indian society, necessitating comprehensive approaches for change.
