Q. What is the common characteristic of the chemical substances generally known as CL-20, HMX and LLM-105, which are sometimes talked about in media?
(a) These are alternatives to hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants
(b) These are explosives in military weapons
(c) These are high-energy fuels for cruise missiles
(d) These are fuels for rocket propulsion
Correct Answer: (b) These are explosives in military weapons.
UPSC Prelims 2025 GS Paper's Solution
Explanation :
CL-20, HMX and LLM-105
CL-20 (hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane), HMX (octogen) and LLM-105 are all high-performance military explosives. They are prized for their very high detonation velocities and pressures and are used in advanced warheads, shaped charges and propellant formulations. They are not refrigerants or conventional fuels.
