Q. Which one of the following best defines the term ‘State’?
a) A community of persons permanently occupying a definite territory independent of external control and possessing an organized government
b) A politically organized people of a definite territory and possessing an authority to govern them, maintain law and order, protect their natural rights and safeguard their means of sustenance
c) A number of persons who have been living in a definite territory for a very long time with their own culture, tradition and government
d) A society permanently living in a definite territory with a central authority, an executive responsible to the central authority and an independent judiciary
Correct Answer: a) A community of persons permanently occupying a definite territory independent of external control and possessing an organized government
Question from UPSC Prelims 2021 GS Paper
Explanation :
Concept of a State
In political science, a state is a structured political entity that possesses sovereignty over a defined geographic territory and exercises authority through a set of institutions. It is often characterized by the following key elements:
Territory
A state must have a clearly defined geographic area with recognized borders. This territory can vary greatly in size and can be subject to change due to political negotiations, wars, or other factors.
Population
A state is inhabited by a group of people who may share common cultural, linguistic, or ethnic ties. However, the population within a state can also be very diverse.
Government
A state has an organized government that creates and enforces laws, policies, and regulations. The government is responsible for maintaining order, providing public services, and protecting the state’s sovereignty.
Sovereignty
Sovereignty is the supreme authority within a territory. A sovereign state has the power to govern itself without external interference. This includes the ability to enter into relations with other states, make treaties, and engage in trade or war.
Recognition
For a state to fully function within the international system, it generally needs to be recognized by other states. Recognition is often formalized through diplomatic relations and membership in international organizations.
The concept of the state is central to many theories of political science and international relations. States are considered the primary actors in global politics, and their interactions form the basis of the study of international relations. The definition of a state can vary in different contexts and may evolve over time, but these core attributes are widely accepted in the discipline of political science.