Q. From being net food importer in 1960s, India has emerged as a net food exporter to the world. Provide reasons.

Model Answer: 

India’s Transformation from Net Food Importer to Net Food Exporter

India’s journey from a food-deficient nation in the 1960s to a net food exporter today is a remarkable testament to its agricultural progress. This transformation has been driven by a combination of policy initiatives, technological advancements, and strategic interventions.

1. Green Revolution:

The Green Revolution of the late 1960s marked a turning point in Indian agriculture. It introduced high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice, along with modern farming techniques. This led to a significant increase in food grain production, particularly in states like Punjab, Haryana, and parts of Uttar Pradesh.

2. Agricultural Policies and Reforms:

The government implemented crucial policies to support agricultural growth. The establishment of the Food Corporation of India (FCI) in 1965 ensured effective procurement and distribution of food grains. The Minimum Support Price (MSP) mechanism incentivized farmers to increase production. Later reforms, like the removal of restrictions on inter-state trade of agricultural commodities, further boosted the sector.

3. Technological Advancements:

The adoption of modern agricultural technologies has played a pivotal role. This includes the use of improved seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides. Mechanization, such as the widespread use of tractors and harvesters, has enhanced efficiency and productivity.

4. Irrigation Improvements:

Expansion of irrigation facilities has reduced dependence on monsoons. Major projects like the Indira Gandhi Canal and the Sardar Sarovar Dam, along with micro-irrigation techniques, have significantly increased the area under assured irrigation.

5. Diversification of Crops:

India has diversified its agricultural output beyond traditional food grains. The country has become a major exporter of rice, wheat, cotton, fruits, vegetables, and marine products. This diversification has opened new export markets and improved farmers’ incomes.

6. Increased Productivity:

Enhanced farming techniques and better farm management practices have led to increased yields per hectare. For instance, wheat productivity increased from about 850 kg/hectare in 1950-51 to over 3,500 kg/hectare in recent years.

7. Government Support and Subsidies:

Various government schemes and subsidies have supported farmers. Programs like the National Food Security Mission and Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana have provided financial and technical assistance to farmers.

8. Development of Agricultural Research and Education:

The establishment of institutions like the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) and numerous agricultural universities has fostered innovation and skill development in the agricultural sector.