Q. Bring out the constructive programmes of Mahatma Gandhi during Non-Cooperation Movement and Civil Disobedience Movement.

Model Answer: 

Mahatma Gandhi and his Constructive Programs

Mahatma Gandhi’s constructive programs were integral to the Non-Cooperation and Civil Disobedience Movements, aiming to build a self-reliant India while challenging British rule. These programs focused on social reform, economic independence, and national unity.

During the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922), Gandhi introduced several constructive programs:

• Promotion of Khadi and indigenous industries:
– Encouraged spinning and wearing of handspun cloth
– Established khadi production centers (e.g., Sabarmati Ashram)

• National education:
– Founded institutions like Gujarat Vidyapith
– Promoted vernacular languages and practical skills

• Hindu-Muslim unity:
– Supported the Khilafat movement
– Organized joint Hindu-Muslim meetings and prayers

• Upliftment of untouchables and backward classes:
– Advocated for temple entry rights
– Promoted education for all castes

• Prohibition of alcohol and women’s empowerment

The Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-1934) saw an expansion and intensification of these programs:

• Salt production:
– Extended the Dandi March initiative
– Encouraged widespread salt production (e.g., coastal satyagrahas)

• Khadi and village industries:
– Intensified khadi production and usage
– Promoted cottage industries (e.g., soap-making, paper-making)

• Basic education (Nai Talim):
– Emphasized practical skills and moral education
– Integrated handicrafts with academic subjects

• Removal of untouchability (Harijan movement):
– Launched Harijan Sevak Sangh
– Campaigned for temple entry (e.g., Vaikom satyagraha)

• Sanitation and hygiene:
– Promoted cleanliness in villages
– Taught basic health practices

These constructive programs were significant because they:
1. Built self-reliance and economic independence
2. Promoted social reform and national unity
3. Prepared masses for long-term struggle
4. Created alternative institutions challenging British rule

Conclusion: Gandhi’s constructive programs fostered self-reliance, social reform, and unity, laying the groundwork for India’s independence while addressing societal issues.