Q. Critically examine the World-Systems theory of Immanuel Wallerstein in terms of development and dependency of various nations.
UPSC Sociology 2024 Paper 1
Model Answer:
World-Systems theory
World-Systems theory, developed by Immanuel Wallerstein, offers a macro-sociological analysis of global inequalities by examining economic relationships among nations. It challenges traditional modernization theories by emphasizing the interconnectedness of nations within a capitalist world economy.
Key aspects of World-Systems theory include:
1. Core-Periphery Structure: Wallerstein classifies countries into core, semi-periphery, and periphery, each occupying specific positions in the global capitalist economy.
2. Uneven Development and Dependency: The theory argues that the capitalist world economy creates uneven development. Core nations exploit periphery nations for labor and resources, leading to underdevelopment in those regions.
3. Historical Perspective: Building upon dependency theory, Wallerstein emphasizes the importance of historical processes like colonialism in entrenching global inequalities.
4. Semi-periphery: These nations bridge the gap, sharing characteristics of both core and periphery.
Critics argue that the theory is economically deterministic, neglecting cultural, political, and internal factors within nations. It may underrepresent the agency of periphery nations and overlook instances where globalization has led to mutual benefits.
Examples include European exploitation of African countries, leading to ongoing dependency, and the ascent of nations like China and India, which are reshaping core-periphery dynamics.
Conclusion: While World-Systems theory illuminates global inequalities, it may oversimplify complex international relationships by focusing predominantly on economic factors.
