Q. Highlight the major contributions of the reform movements in pre-independent India.

Model Answer:

The reform movements in pre-independent India played a crucial role in shaping the social, cultural, and political landscape of the nation. These movements emerged as a response to various social issues and aimed to modernize Indian society while preserving its cultural essence.

Key contributions of the reform movements include:

1. Social reforms:
• Abolition of Sati: Reformers like Raja Ram Mohan Roy campaigned against the practice of widow immolation, leading to its legal prohibition in 1829.
• Women’s education: Pioneers like Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar and Jyotirao Phule advocated for women’s education, establishing schools and challenging gender inequalities.
• Widow remarriage: The Hindu Widows’ Remarriage Act of 1856 was a result of sustained efforts by reformers to improve the status of widows in society.

2. Religious reforms:
• Monotheism: Movements like Brahmo Samaj and Arya Samaj promoted monotheistic ideas, challenging polytheistic practices and idol worship.
• Interfaith dialogue: Reformers encouraged interfaith understanding, as seen in the works of Ramakrishna Paramahamsa and Swami Vivekananda.

3. Caste reforms:
• Anti-untouchability: Reformers like B.R. Ambedkar and Mahatma Gandhi fought against caste discrimination and untouchability, promoting social equality.
• Inter-caste marriages: Progressive thinkers encouraged inter-caste marriages to break down caste barriers.

4. Nationalism and political awareness:
• The reform movements indirectly contributed to the growth of nationalism by fostering a sense of Indian identity and pride in cultural heritage.
• Leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak used religious symbols to mobilize masses for the freedom struggle.

5. Educational reforms:
• Establishment of modern educational institutions, such as the Hindu College (later Presidency College) in Calcutta, promoting Western education alongside Indian traditions.

These reform movements, influenced by both Western ideas and Indian traditions, laid the foundation for social change and modernization in India. They challenged oppressive practices, promoted rationality, and paved the way for a more inclusive and progressive society.