Q. Discuss the salient features of the Harappan architecture.

Model Answer:

Salient Features of Harappan Architecture

The Harappan Civilization (c. 3300-1300 BCE) demonstrated exceptional architectural prowess through sophisticated urban planning and construction techniques that were unparalleled among contemporary civilizations, reflecting their advanced understanding of civic organization and sanitary engineering.

Systematic Town Planning:
• Cities followed a remarkable grid pattern with streets intersecting at right angles, creating rectangular blocks. Main streets ran north-south and east-west, wide enough for cart movement.
• Urban centers were distinctly divided into the elevated, fortified Citadel (housing public buildings) and the Lower Town (residential area), both meticulously planned.

Building Materials and Techniques:
• Harappans used standardized burnt bricks in the ratio 1:2:4 across their territory, indicating uniform measurement systems. While baked bricks dominated Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, mud bricks characterized Kalibangan, and stone featured in Dholavira.
• The Great Bath at Mohenjo-daro showcased waterproofing expertise using finely fitted bricks with gypsum plaster, demonstrating advanced engineering skills.

Advanced Drainage System:
• Every house connected to covered main drains running beneath streets, equipped with manholes for maintenance. Separate channels for wastewater and stormwater highlighted their emphasis on hygiene.
• Private wells, bathrooms, and covered drains in individual houses connected seamlessly to the street drainage network.

Public Architecture:
• Significant structures included the Great Bath (ritualistic bathing), massive granaries on raised platforms (flood protection at Harappa, Mohenjo-daro), and Lothal’s dockyard showcasing hydraulic engineering knowledge.
• Residential buildings featured central courtyards with doors opening into smaller lanes ensuring privacy, many being multi-storeyed structures.

Conclusion:
Harappan architecture prioritized functional civic amenities over monumental structures, pioneering urban planning concepts relevant today.