Explanation:

Chronological order by date:
– Sanyasi (Fakir-Sanyasi) Rebellion: c. 1760s–1800 (triggered after the 1770 Bengal famine; earliest among the four)
– Indigo Revolt: 1859–60 (peasant uprising in Bengal against European indigo planters)
– Kuka (Namdhari) Uprising: 1871–72 (notable incidents at Amritsar and Malerkotla, followed by harsh British reprisals)
– Pabna Uprising: 1873–76 (agrarian leagues in Pabna, Bengal, against zamindari oppression)

Thus, the correct sequence is 4 (Sanyasi), 2 (Indigo), 3 (Kuka), 1 (Pabna) → Option 4.

Explanation:

Evaluate each pair:
– Part IV-A – Fundamental Duties: Correct. Part IV-A (Article 51A) contains Fundamental Duties (added by the 42nd Amendment, 1976).
– Part VI – The States: Correct. Part VI (Articles 152–237) deals with the States.
– Part XI – The Municipalities: Incorrect. Part XI (Articles 245–263) concerns Relations between the Union and the States. Municipalities are covered under Part IX-A (Articles 243P–243ZG).

Therefore, only pair 3 is NOT correctly matched. Hence, Option 2 is correct.

Explanation:

1. Bushman – Kalahari Desert: Correct. The San/Bushmen traditionally inhabit the Kalahari region (Botswana, Namibia, South Africa).
2. Eskimo – Northern Canada: Correct. Inuit/Eskimo populations live across the Arctic, including northern Canada.
3. Pygmy – Congo Basin: Correct. Pygmy groups (e.g., Mbuti, Aka, Baka) are indigenous to the Congo Basin rainforests of Central Africa.
4. Masai – West Africa: Incorrect. The Maasai are pastoralists of East Africa (southern Kenya and northern Tanzania), not West Africa.
Hence, only pair 4 is not correctly matched.

Explanation:

Carrying capacity of the environment refers to the level of resource use and waste generation that can be sustained without degrading the ecosystem. Two core conditions are: (a) resource extraction must not exceed the rate of natural regeneration, and (b) waste emissions must not exceed the environment’s assimilative (absorption) capacity.

Evaluation of statements:
1. Incorrect. It says extraction should remain above generation, which directly contradicts sustainability principles. For renewable resources, extraction must be at or below regeneration. For non-renewables (with virtually no regeneration), any positive extraction must be offset by substitution—so certainly not “above” generation.
2. Correct. Waste generation must stay within the environment’s absorption capacity to avoid accumulation and damage.

Hence, only statement 2 is correct. Therefore, Option 1.

Explanation:

Both statements are true, and the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.

– The Himalayas exhibit altitudinal zonation: as altitude increases, temperature generally decreases (~6.5°C per 1000 m), and moisture and exposure also vary. This leads to distinct climatic belts and hence different vegetation types.
– Consequently, vegetation changes from tropical/subtropical forests at the foothills to temperate broadleaf and coniferous forests, then to sub-alpine forests, alpine meadows, and tundra-like vegetation at higher elevations. Thus, climatic variation with altitude explains the diversity of vegetation.

Explanation:

Statement 1: Correct. Sahitya Akademi announced the Yuva Puraskar 2025 in June across 23 languages (one fewer than the usual 24), as one language category was left vacant.

Statement 2: Correct. The Dogri category had no Yuva Puraskar declared this year, which is why the total count stood at 23.

Explanation:

Both A and R are true, and R correctly explains A. Poverty lines are built around a basic-needs consumption basket priced at local costs. What counts as basic and the minimum acceptable standard for food, housing, clothing, energy, transport, and social inclusion varies across regions and evolves over time; therefore countries adopt different baskets and periodically revise them, so the poverty line differs across countries and over time. 

Explanation:

Rajya Sabha seat allocation to States is fixed by the Fourth Schedule of the Constitution. The current allocations are:
– Maharashtra: 19
– Karnataka: 12
– Bihar: 16
– Tamil Nadu: 18

Mapping to List-II numbers (1=16, 2=18, 3=19, 4=12):
– A (Maharashtra) → 19 → 3
– B (Karnataka) → 12 → 4
– C (Bihar) → 16 → 1
– D (Tamil Nadu) → 18 → 2
Thus, A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2, which is Option 4.

Explanation:

Mapping each mission to its launch date:
– A. Chandrayaan-3 — launched on 14 July 2023 (LVM3-M4) → 3
– B. Aditya-L1 — launched on 02 September 2023 (PSLV-C57) → 1
– C. INSAT-3DS — launched on 17 February 2024 (GSLV-F14) → 2
– D. RLV-LEX-01 — autonomous landing experiment conducted on 02 April 2023 at ATR, Chitradurga → 4
Thus, A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4, which corresponds to Option 2.

Explanation:

Statement 1 is correct: Silver articles tarnish and appear black when exposed to air over time.

Statement 2 is correct: The black tarnish is a thin film of silver sulphide (Ag2S) formed when silver reacts with trace sulfur-containing gases in air, especially hydrogen sulphide (H2S). This is the primary cause of blackening; silver oxide is not the main tarnish under normal conditions.
Therefore, both statements are correct.