Correct Answer: (D) Diadic communication

Explanation:

Interpersonal communication refers to the exchange of information, feelings, and meaning between two or more people through verbal and/or non-verbal methods. It is often direct and personal. Another term for interpersonal communication is “diadic communication,” which specifically refers to communication between two individuals (a dyad).

– (A) Face-to-face public communication involves addressing a larger audience, not just two individuals.

– (B) Virtual reality is unrelated to interpersonal communication; it refers to simulated environments.

– (C) Mass communication involves transmitting information to a large audience, such as through television or newspapers.

– (D) Diadic communication is the correct answer as it directly refers to interpersonal communication between two people.

The correct answer is: (D) Pavlov – Gestalt theory

Explanation:

Let us analyze each pair:

1. Thorndike – Stimulus-response bond theory: This is correctly matched. Edward Thorndike proposed the Stimulus-Response (S-R) bond theory, which is part of his connectionism theory. He emphasized that learning occurs through the formation of associations between stimuli and responses.

2. Skinner – Operant theory conditioning: This is correctly matched. B.F. Skinner is well-known for his work on operant conditioning, which involves learning through rewards and punishments to modify behavior.

3. Kohler – Insight theory: This is correctly matched. Wolfgang Kohler is associated with the insight theory of learning, which suggests that problem-solving occurs through a sudden realization or “aha” moment.

4. Pavlov – Gestalt theory: This is incorrectly matched. Ivan Pavlov is known for classical conditioning, not Gestalt theory. Gestalt theory is associated with psychologists like Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Kohler, and Kurt Koffka, who focused on perception and holistic processing.

Thus, the incorrect pair is (D) Pavlov – Gestalt theory.

Correct Answer: (B) Mental set

Explanation:

Functional fixedness is a cognitive bias that limits a person to using an object only in the way it is traditionally used. It is a specific type of mental set, which refers to the tendency to approach problems in a certain way based on past experiences or established patterns, even if a better solution exists.

Here’s a breakdown of the options:

– (A) Confirmation bias: This is the tendency to search for, interpret, and remember information in a way that confirms one’s preexisting beliefs. It is unrelated to functional fixedness.

– (B) Mental set: This is the correct answer. Functional fixedness is a subset of mental set because it involves being “fixed” on the traditional function of an object, preventing creative problem-solving.

– (C) Forward working: This term is not directly related to functional fixedness. Forward working typically refers to problem-solving strategies that move step-by-step from the initial state toward the goal.

– (D) Creativity bias: This is not a recognized psychological term. Functional fixedness, in fact, inhibits creativity rather than being a bias related to creativity.

Thus, functional fixedness is best categorized as a type of mental set.

Correct Answer: (A) Words

Explanation:

Human beings primarily use words to communicate, influence, and control the behavior of others as well as themselves. Language is a powerful tool that allows individuals to express thoughts, emotions, instructions, and intentions. Through verbal communication, people can persuade, instruct, negotiate, and resolve conflicts effectively.

While other options like punishment, rewards, and postures can also influence behavior, they are secondary methods and are not as universally or frequently used as words. Words are the most direct and versatile means of communication and control in human interactions.

Correct Answer: (A) 6, 7, 5, 3

Explanation:

Interpersonal communication refers to direct, face-to-face communication or interaction between two or more individuals. It involves the exchange of information, ideas, emotions, and messages in a personal and interactive manner.

Let’s analyze the options:

1. Seminar: This is more of a group communication or public communication setting, not interpersonal.

2. Journalism: Journalism involves mass communication, not interpersonal communication.

3. Office operation: This can involve interpersonal communication when individuals interact directly in a workplace setting.

4. Letter writing: While it is a form of communication, it is not direct or face-to-face, so it is not considered interpersonal.

5. Study-Teaching: This involves direct interaction between a teacher and a student, making it an example of interpersonal communication.

6. Conversation: A direct exchange of ideas or dialogue between individuals, which is a clear example of interpersonal communication.

7. Interview: This is a direct interaction between an interviewer and an interviewee, making it interpersonal communication.

Thus, the correct examples of interpersonal communication are Conversation (6), Interview (7), Study-Teaching (5), and Office operation (3). Hence, the correct answer is (A) 6, 7, 5, 3.

Correct Answer: (A) A newscaster delivers the weather report on 9 o’clock news

Explanation:

Mediated communication refers to communication that is facilitated through a medium, such as television, radio, the internet, or any other technological channel, rather than direct face-to-face interaction.

– Option (A): A newscaster delivering the weather report on the 9 o’clock news is an example of mediated communication because the message is transmitted through the medium of television to reach the audience.

– Option (B): A politician addressing a convention is typically face-to-face communication, not mediated unless it is broadcasted through a medium.

– Option (C): Two friends gossiping with one another is an example of interpersonal communication, which is direct and face-to-face.

– Option (D): Students working on a class project together is also an example of interpersonal or group communication, not mediated.

Thus, the correct answer is (A) because it involves communication through a technological medium.

Correct Answer: (D) 1, 4, 7

Explanation:

The role of a leader is often conceptualized as balancing and addressing three key areas of need, which are:

1. Task: Ensuring that the task or goal is achieved effectively and efficiently.

2. Team: Building and maintaining a cohesive and motivated team to work towards the goal.

3. Individual: Addressing the needs, development, and well-being of individual team members.

These three areas are commonly referred to in leadership theories, such as John Adair’s “Action-Centered Leadership” model, which emphasizes the importance of balancing task, team, and individual needs for effective leadership.

– Option (A): Includes “Function,” which is not one of the three circles of need.

– Option (B): Includes “New ideas” and “Communication,” which are important but not part of the three circles of need.

– Option (C): Includes “Process” and “New ideas,” which are not part of the three circles of need.

– Option (D): Correctly identifies the three circles of need: Task (1), Team (4), and Individual (7).

Thus, the correct answer is (D) 1, 4, 7.

Correct Answer: (B) Iconic memory

Explanation:

Iconic memory is a type of sensory memory that specifically deals with visual information. It has the shortest duration, lasting only about 0.2 to 0.5 seconds. This brief retention allows the brain to process visual stimuli before it either discards the information or transfers it to short-term memory.

Here’s a breakdown of the options:

– (A) Immediate memory: This is often used interchangeably with short-term memory or working memory, which lasts for a few seconds to minutes, depending on the context.

– (B) Iconic memory: This is the correct answer because it is a form of sensory memory with an extremely short duration (less than a second).

– (C) Working memory: This is a part of short-term memory that actively processes and manipulates information. It lasts longer than iconic memory, typically for several seconds to minutes.

– (D) Echoic memory: This is another type of sensory memory, but it deals with auditory information. It lasts slightly longer than iconic memory, typically around 3–4 seconds.

Correct Answer: (A) 2, 4, 6, 8

Explanation:

The four basic communication skills are Listening, Speaking, Reading, and Writing. These skills are fundamental for effective communication in any language. Here’s why:

1. Listening: This is a receptive skill that involves understanding spoken language. It is essential for comprehending information and engaging in conversations.

2. Speaking: This is a productive skill that allows individuals to express their thoughts and ideas verbally.

3. Reading: This is another receptive skill that involves understanding written text.

4. Writing: This is a productive skill that enables individuals to communicate their ideas in written form.

These four skills (Listening, Speaking, Reading, and Writing) are interrelated and form the foundation of effective communication. Therefore, the correct answer is (A) 2, 4, 6, 8.

The correct answer is (C) Anchoring bias.

Explanation:

Anchoring bias refers to the cognitive bias where individuals rely too heavily on the first piece of information (the “anchor”) they receive when making decisions. This initial information serves as a reference point, and subsequent judgments or decisions are influenced by it, even if the anchor is irrelevant or misleading.

– (A) Confirmation bias: This is the tendency to search for, interpret, and remember information in a way that confirms one’s preexisting beliefs or hypotheses, rather than focusing on the first information received.

– (B) Hindsight bias: This is the tendency to see events as being more predictable after they have already occurred (“I knew it all along” effect). It is unrelated to the first information received.

– (D) Availability heuristic: This refers to the tendency to judge the likelihood of an event based on how easily examples come to mind. It is not about giving excessive weight to the first information.