Q. What was the difference between Mahatma Gandhi and Rabindranath Tagore in their approach towards education and nationalism?

Model Answer: 

Mahatma Gandhi and Rabindranath Tagore, two prominent figures in India’s struggle for independence, held divergent views on education and nationalism. While both sought to uplift India, their approaches and philosophies differed significantly.

Education:

Gandhi’s approach:

• Advocated “Nai Talim” or Basic Education
• Emphasized practical skills and manual labor
• Focused on mother tongue as medium of instruction
• Aimed at self-reliance and character building
• Promoted decentralized, village-centric education

Tagore’s approach:

• Established Visva-Bharati University
• Emphasized arts, humanities, and cultural exchange
• Promoted a blend of Eastern and Western knowledge
• Focused on creativity, self-expression, and nature
• Advocated for a more cosmopolitan and global outlook

Nationalism:

Gandhi’s approach:

• Promoted Swadeshi movement and economic self-reliance
• Emphasized non-violent resistance (Satyagraha)
• Sought to unify India through common struggles like Non-Cooperation Movement
• Focused on rural reconstruction and village autonomy (Gram Swaraj)
• Advocated for a strong sense of national identity rooted in Indian traditions

Tagore’s approach:

• Criticized narrow nationalism and warned against its dangers
• Promoted internationalism and cultural exchange
• Emphasized spiritual and cultural unity over political nationalism
• Sought to balance patriotism with a universal humanist outlook
• Advocated for India’s engagement with the world while maintaining its cultural essence

Example:
• Gandhi’s ideas influenced the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan and rural development programs
• Tagore’s vision inspired institutions like Santiniketan and cultural exchange programs

Conclusion:
While Gandhi’s approach to education and nationalism was more inward-looking and focused on self-reliance, Tagore’s vision was more outward-looking and universalist. Both perspectives have significantly influenced India’s educational policies and national identity, contributing to a rich and diverse national ethos.