Q. Examine the potential of wind energy in India and explain the reasons for their limited spatial spread.

Model Answer: 

Wind Energy Potential and Limited Spatial Spread in India

Wind energy has emerged as a significant component of India’s renewable energy portfolio, offering substantial potential for sustainable power generation. India’s wind energy sector has grown rapidly, with an installed capacity of over 40 GW as of 2023.

The potential of wind energy in India is considerable:

• India ranks fourth globally in wind power capacity.
• The country has an estimated onshore wind potential of 302 GW at 100m hub height.
• Key wind power regions include Tamil Nadu (Muppandal wind farm), Gujarat (Jamnagar), and Maharashtra (Satara).
• Offshore wind energy potential, particularly along the coast of Tamil Nadu and Gujarat, is estimated at 70 GW.
• Technological advancements, such as taller turbines and improved blade designs, are enhancing energy capture efficiency.

Despite this potential, the spatial spread of wind energy in India remains limited due to several factors:

1. Geographical constraints:
• Wind speeds vary significantly across regions.
• Only seven states contribute to about 95% of the total installed capacity.

2. Infrastructure challenges:
• Inadequate grid connectivity in potential wind-rich areas.
• Limited land availability in high-wind-speed zones.

3. Economic factors:
• High initial investment costs for wind farm establishment.
• Variability in wind patterns affecting consistent power generation.

4. Policy and regulatory issues:
• Inconsistent state-level policies and tariff structures.
• Complex land acquisition processes.

5. Competition from other energy sources:
• Rapid growth of solar energy (e.g., Bhadla Solar Park).
• Continued reliance on conventional power sources.

6. Environmental and social concerns:
• Impact on local biodiversity (e.g., bird collisions).
• Noise pollution and visual impact on landscapes.

Conclusion: Overcoming these challenges through targeted policies and technological innovations is crucial for harnessing India’s vast wind energy potential.