Q. The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) by our adversaries across the borders to ferry arms/ammunitions, drugs, etc., is a serious threat to the internal security. Comment on the measures being taken to tackle this threat.

Model Answer: 

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) – A Security Challenge

The use of UAVs, commonly known as drones, for cross-border smuggling represents a significant evolution in the tactics employed by hostile elements to compromise India’s security.

The primary challenge stems from the technological advantages offered by UAVs. These devices are relatively inexpensive, easily accessible, and can be operated remotely, making them attractive tools for nefarious activities. Their small size and potential for silent operation make detection difficult, especially in rugged border terrains. Furthermore, the payload capacity of even small drones is sufficient to transport significant quantities of contraband, amplifying their threat potential.

To tackle this emerging menace, Indian security agencies have implemented a multi-pronged approach:

1. Technological countermeasures: The deployment of anti-drone systems along sensitive border areas has been accelerated. These systems typically incorporate radar, radio frequency (RF) sensors, and electro-optical cameras for detection, coupled with RF jammers and directed energy weapons for neutralization. The DRDO’s indigenous anti-drone system, which has been installed at key locations, exemplifies this approach.

2. Legal framework: The government has introduced stricter regulations on the import, manufacture, and use of drones through the Drone Rules, 2021. These rules mandate the registration of all drones and specify no-fly zones, particularly near sensitive installations and border areas.

3. Intelligence gathering and coordination: Enhanced intelligence sharing mechanisms have been established between various security agencies, including the BSF, state police forces, and intelligence bureaus. This facilitates quicker response times and more effective interception of drone-based smuggling attempts.

4. Border infrastructure enhancement: Physical barriers, such as smart fencing and improved surveillance systems, are being installed along vulnerable stretches of the border to complement anti-drone measures.

5. International cooperation: India is engaging with friendly nations to share best practices and technologies in countering drone threats. Collaborative efforts with countries facing similar challenges, such as Israel, have been particularly fruitful.

6. Research and development: Indian institutions and private sector entities are being encouraged to develop advanced anti-drone technologies, including AI-powered detection systems and drone swarms for intercepting rogue UAVs.

While these measures represent significant progress, challenges remain. The rapid pace of technological advancement in drone capabilities often outstrips the development of countermeasures. Moreover, the vast expanse of India’s borders makes comprehensive coverage with anti-drone systems a logistical and financial challenge.

In conclusion, the threat posed by UAVs to India’s internal security is serious and evolving. While the government and security agencies have responded with a range of technological, legal, and operational measures, continued vigilance and adaptation will be crucial. The future of this security paradigm will likely involve a constant race between drone technology and counter-drone measures, necessitating ongoing investment in research, infrastructure, and human capabilities.