Explanation : 

c. Bahadur Shah

Bahadur Shah

Bahadur Shah, the Sultan of Gujarat, surrendered Diu to the Portuguese in 1535. This occurred after the Portuguese helped Bahadur Shah defeat a combined force of Ottoman Turks and Egyptian Mamluks, who were attempting to take control of Diu. In return for their assistance, Bahadur Shah granted the Portuguese permission to build a fort on Diu, effectively giving them control of the territory.

Siege of Diu (1538) – Wikipedia

Explanation : 

a. Devaraya I

Devaraya I’s Water Supply Project

Devaraya I, who ruled the Vijayanagara Empire from 1406 to 1422, constructed a large dam across the Tungabhadra River and a canal-cum-aqueduct several kilometers long from the river to the capital city. This project was undertaken to provide water to the capital and its surrounding areas, ensuring a stable water supply for agriculture and the urban population.

The Vijayanagara Empire was ruled by Devaraya I from 1406 to 1422. He undertook a significant water supply project, which involved the construction of a large dam across the Tungabhadra River and a canal-cum-aqueduct to provide water to the capital city and its surrounding areas. This project was crucial for ensuring a stable water supply for agriculture and the urban population.

Explanation : 

b. Jainism

Jainism

The above statement reflects one of the core beliefs of Jainism. Jainism is an ancient Indian religion that emphasizes non-violence and the belief that everything in the universe has a soul or life force (called jiva). This includes not only animals and plants but also rocks, water, and other natural objects. Jainism teaches that all living beings, regardless of their size or form, should be respected and not harmed, as they all possess souls.

Explanation : 

d. None

Dynasties in Early Medieval India

• 1. Hoysala Dynasty: The Hoysala dynasty ruled parts of present-day Karnataka, India, from around the 10th to the 14th century AD.
• 2. Gahadavala Dynasty: The Gahadavala dynasty ruled the region of present-day Uttar Pradesh, India, from the late 11th to the 12th century AD.
• 3. Kakatiya Dynasty: The Kakatiya dynasty ruled parts of present-day Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, India, from the 12th to the 14th century AD.
• 4. Yadava Dynasty: The Yadava dynasty, also known as the Seuna dynasty, ruled parts of present-day Maharashtra and Karnataka, India, from the late 9th to the early 14th century AD.

Explanation : 

d. A king defeated in a battle committing ritual suicide by starving himself to death

Vattakirutal

Vatakkiruttal – Wikipedia  is a practice mentioned in Sangam literature where a defeated king would commit ritual suicide by starving himself to death. This was considered an honorable way for a king to accept his defeat and maintain his dignity in ancient Tamil society.

Explanation : 

b. ports

Ports of Ancient South India

Korkai, Poompuhar, and Muchiri were well-known ports in ancient South India. These ports were important centers of trade and commerce, connecting South India with other parts of the Indian subcontinent as well as the Mediterranean, Southeast Asia, and China. They played a significant role in the economic and cultural exchanges between various regions and contributed to the prosperity of the ancient Indian kingdoms.

These ports were crucial for the trade and commerce of ancient South India, facilitating connections with distant regions. The economic and cultural exchanges that took place through these ports were instrumental in the development and prosperity of the ancient Indian kingdoms.

Explanation : 

b. Only two

1. Stupas may have originated as pre-Buddhist tumuli in which śramaṇas were buried in a seated position called chaitya. – Stupa – Wikipedia

2. Stupa was generally a repository of relics. It often contained the remains of Buddhist monks or nuns, sacred texts, or other relics associated with the Buddha and his teachings. The purpose of a stupa was to enshrine and preserve these relics, which were considered sacred.

3. Stupa was a votive and commemorative structure in the Buddhist tradition. It served as a place for meditation, worship, and veneration of the Buddha and his teachings. The construction of stupas was considered a meritorious act, and they were often built to commemorate significant events, such as the Buddha’s birth, enlightenment, or passing away.

Explanation : 

a. Andhra

Dhanyakataka, also known as Dharanikota or Amaravati

was a prominent Buddhist center located in the Andhra region of ancient India. It flourished under the Mahasanghikas, a major early Buddhist school. The region was known for its rich Buddhist heritage, with numerous monasteries, stupas, and sculptures. The famous Amaravati Stupa, one of the largest and most intricately carved stupas in India, was also situated in this region.

Dharanikota – Wikipedia

Explanation : 

b. Orangutan

Orangutans

Orangutans are known for their intelligence and problem-solving abilities. They have been observed making tools using sticks to scrape insects from holes in trees or logs of wood. This behavior demonstrates their ability to manipulate objects in their environment to access food sources that would otherwise be difficult to reach. Orangutans are one of the few non-human primates that exhibit tool-making and tool-using behaviors in the wild.

Explanation : 

c. All three

Microorganisms

There are various types of microorganisms that have adapted to survive and grow in extreme conditions.

1. Some microorganisms, known as thermophiles, can grow in high-temperature environments above the boiling point of water (100°C). For example, some bacteria and archaea can thrive in hot springs and hydrothermal vents.

2. Some microorganisms, known as psychrophiles, can grow in environments with temperatures below the freezing point of water (0°C). These microorganisms can be found in the Arctic, Antarctic, and other permanently cold environments.

3. Some microorganisms, known as acidophiles, can grow in highly acidic environments with a pH below 3. These microorganisms can be found in acidic hot springs, acid mine drainage, and other acidic environments.