Explanation : 

c. Both 1 and 2

What is Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) ?

CBDCs are digital versions of a country’s fiat currency, issued and controlled by the central bank. They can be used for transactions without involving the US dollar or the SWIFT system. The SWIFT system is an international network for financial messaging and communication between banks. CBDCs can potentially bypass this system, allowing for more direct transactions between countries and reducing reliance on the US dollar as the global reserve currency.

Digital Currency Programmability

A digital currency can be programmed with specific conditions, such as a time-frame for spending it. This is possible because digital currencies are built on blockchain technology, which allows for programmable money. Smart contracts can be used to define the conditions under which the digital currency can be spent, such as a specific time-frame or other criteria. This feature can be useful for various purposes, such as encouraging spending to stimulate the economy or targeting specific sectors for financial support.

Explanation : 

d. None

1. The acts done by the President before the date of the decision of the Supreme Court do not become invalid if the election of the President is declared void.

2. The election for the post of the President of India cannot be postponed on the ground that some legislative Assemblies have been dissolved and elections are yet to take place.

3. The Constitution does not prescribe any time limit within which the President has to declare his/her assent when a Bill is presented to him/her.

Explanation : 

a. Only One

1. The National Commission for Backward Classes – This body is a constitutional body as per Article 338B of the Indian Constitution, which was added through the 102nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 2018.

2. The National Human Rights Commission – This body is not a constitutional body. It is a statutory body established under the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993.

3. The National Law Commission –  There is a Law Commission of India, which is neither a constitutional body nor a statutory body. It is an ad-hoc and advisory body constituted by the Government of India from time to time.

4. The National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission – This body is not a constitutional body. It is a statutory body established under the Consumer Protection Act, 1986.

Explanation : 

c. It defines and limits the powers of government.

Purpose of a Constitution

The chief purpose of a constitution is to define and limit the powers of government. It establishes the structure, functions, and principles of a government, as well as the rights and responsibilities of its citizens. While a constitution may also serve other purposes, such as determining objectives for lawmaking, creating political offices, and securing social justice, its primary function is to provide a framework for governance and to ensure that government power is exercised within the bounds of the constitution. This helps to maintain a balance of power and prevent the abuse of authority.

Explanation : 

Correct Answer : a. Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I

In India, prisons are managed by State Governments, and each state has its own rules and regulations for the day-to-day administration of prisons. This is because prisons are governed by the Prisons Act, 1894, which expressly kept the subject of prisons in the control of Provincial Governments (now State Governments). Therefore, both statements are correct, and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I.
Prisons in India – Wikipedia

Explanation : 

d. The Charter Act of 1833

Governor-General of India

Governor-General of Bengal was designated as the Governor-General of India by the Charter Act of 1833. This act centralized the British administration in India by consolidating the control of the British East India Company’s territories under a single authority. The Governor-General of India became the highest-ranking British official in India, responsible for directing and controlling all the company’s affairs in the country. This change in designation marked a crucial step in the process of establishing a centralized British administration in India.

Government of India Act 1833 – Wikipedia

Explanation : 

c. Bahadur Shah

Bahadur Shah

Bahadur Shah, the Sultan of Gujarat, surrendered Diu to the Portuguese in 1535. This occurred after the Portuguese helped Bahadur Shah defeat a combined force of Ottoman Turks and Egyptian Mamluks, who were attempting to take control of Diu. In return for their assistance, Bahadur Shah granted the Portuguese permission to build a fort on Diu, effectively giving them control of the territory.

Siege of Diu (1538) – Wikipedia

Explanation : 

a. Devaraya I

Devaraya I’s Water Supply Project

Devaraya I, who ruled the Vijayanagara Empire from 1406 to 1422, constructed a large dam across the Tungabhadra River and a canal-cum-aqueduct several kilometers long from the river to the capital city. This project was undertaken to provide water to the capital and its surrounding areas, ensuring a stable water supply for agriculture and the urban population.

The Vijayanagara Empire was ruled by Devaraya I from 1406 to 1422. He undertook a significant water supply project, which involved the construction of a large dam across the Tungabhadra River and a canal-cum-aqueduct to provide water to the capital city and its surrounding areas. This project was crucial for ensuring a stable water supply for agriculture and the urban population.

Explanation : 

b. Jainism

Jainism

The above statement reflects one of the core beliefs of Jainism. Jainism is an ancient Indian religion that emphasizes non-violence and the belief that everything in the universe has a soul or life force (called jiva). This includes not only animals and plants but also rocks, water, and other natural objects. Jainism teaches that all living beings, regardless of their size or form, should be respected and not harmed, as they all possess souls.

Explanation : 

d. None

Dynasties in Early Medieval India

• 1. Hoysala Dynasty: The Hoysala dynasty ruled parts of present-day Karnataka, India, from around the 10th to the 14th century AD.
• 2. Gahadavala Dynasty: The Gahadavala dynasty ruled the region of present-day Uttar Pradesh, India, from the late 11th to the 12th century AD.
• 3. Kakatiya Dynasty: The Kakatiya dynasty ruled parts of present-day Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, India, from the 12th to the 14th century AD.
• 4. Yadava Dynasty: The Yadava dynasty, also known as the Seuna dynasty, ruled parts of present-day Maharashtra and Karnataka, India, from the late 9th to the early 14th century AD.