Q. Discuss about the vulnerability of India to earthquake related hazards. Give examples including the salient features of major disasters caused by earthquakes in different parts of India during the last three decades.
Question from UPSC Mains 2021 GS3 Paper
Model Answer:
India’s vulnerability to earthquake-related hazards stems from its position at the junction of three tectonic plates: the Indian, Eurasian, and Arabian plates. This geological setting, combined with rapid urbanization and inadequate construction practices, amplifies the risk across the country.
Key factors contributing to India’s earthquake vulnerability include:
• Seismic zonation: Nearly 59% of India’s land area falls under moderate to severe seismic zones (III-V).
• Major fault lines: The Himalayan Frontal Thrust, Indo-Burmese Arc, and Chaman Fault pose significant risks.
• Urban concentration: Many major cities (e.g., Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata) lie in high-risk zones.
• Poor construction: Lack of adherence to building codes increases potential damage.
• Secondary hazards: Earthquakes can trigger landslides, tsunamis, and fires, compounding the impact.
Notable earthquakes in India over the past three decades include:
1. Bhuj Earthquake (2001, Gujarat):
• Magnitude: 7.7
• Casualties: Over 20,000 deaths
• Salient features: Widespread liquefaction, extensive damage to traditional structures
2. Latur Earthquake (1993, Maharashtra):
• Magnitude: 6.2
• Casualties: Nearly 10,000 deaths
• Salient features: Occurred in a previously considered stable zone, highlighting the need for reassessment
3. Sikkim Earthquake (2011):
• Magnitude: 6.9
• Casualties: Over 100 deaths
• Salient features: Triggered numerous landslides, affected multiple states and neighboring countries
These disasters underscore the critical need for improved building practices (e.g., base isolation techniques), early warning systems, and community preparedness to mitigate the impact of future earthquakes in India.
Conclusion: Enhancing earthquake resilience requires a multi-pronged approach involving stricter building codes, public awareness, and advanced monitoring systems.
