Q. Terrorism is a global scourge. How has it manifested in India? Elaborate with contemporary examples. What are the counter measures adopted by the State? Explain.

Model Answer:

Terrorism in India: Manifestations and State Response

Terrorism in India manifests as a multifaceted security challenge, threatening national sovereignty and socio-economic stability through diverse forms across different regions.

Contemporary Manifestations:

• Cross-border terrorism remains the gravest threat, with Pakistan-based groups orchestrating attacks. The Pulwama attack (2019, 40 CRPF killed) and Poonch ambush (2023, 5 soldiers) exemplify this menace.

• Left-Wing Extremism persists in central-eastern tribal belts. Recent incidents include Sukma-Bijapur ambush (2021, 22 personnel killed) and Dantewada IED blast (2023, 10 killed).

• Ethno-nationalist insurgencies continue in Northeast, though reduced intensity. Groups demand separate states or greater autonomy.

• Narco-terrorism exploits India’s proximity to Golden Crescent/Triangle, using drug proceeds for terror financing.

• Cyber-terrorism through online radicalization (ISIS modules) poses emerging threats.

State Counter-measures:

The government has adopted a comprehensive multi-pronged strategy:

• Legislative: UAPA amendments, PMLA provisions, strengthened legal framework

• Institutional: NIA establishment, NATGRID integration, MAC intelligence-sharing platforms

• Operational: Surgical strikes (2016), Balakot airstrikes (2019), NSG modernization, border fencing

• Financial: CFT cell creation, FATF participation, terror-financing disruption

• International: CCIT advocacy at UN, bilateral intelligence cooperation

• Preventive: De-radicalization programs, Counter-Violent Extremism strategies

Conclusion:
India’s evolving counter-terrorism approach balances kinetic operations with development initiatives, requiring sustained vigilance and adaptive strategies.