2022 GS2 Answer

Q. To what extent, in your opinion, as the decentralisation of power in India changed the governance landscape at the grassroots?

Question from UPSC Mains 2022 GS2 Paper

Model Answer: 

Decentralisation of Power in India: Impact on Grassroots Governance

The decentralization of power in India, primarily through the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments, has significantly altered the governance landscape at the grassroots level. This shift has empowered local bodies and brought decision-making closer to the people.

The extent of decentralization is evident in:

• The establishment of a three-tier Panchayati Raj system in rural areas
• Creation of urban local bodies like municipalities and corporations
• Devolution of functions, funds, and functionaries (3Fs) to local governments

These changes have reshaped grassroots governance in several ways:

1. Increased political participation: Regular local elections have engaged citizens in democratic processes, fostering a sense of ownership in governance.

2. Enhanced representation: Mandatory reservations have improved representation of marginalized groups, including women and SC/STs, in local bodies.

3. Local focus: Decentralization has shifted attention to community-specific issues, enabling tailored solutions (e.g., village-level water management).

Positive impacts include:
• Improved local decision-making and problem-solving
• Better resource allocation based on community needs (e.g., school infrastructure)
• Increased accountability of local representatives

However, challenges persist:

1. Inadequate devolution: Many states have not fully devolved funds and functions to local bodies, limiting their effectiveness.

2. Capacity issues: Local representatives often lack the necessary skills and knowledge for effective governance.

3. Higher-level interference: State governments sometimes undermine local autonomy, hindering genuine decentralization.

Despite these challenges, decentralization has undeniably changed India’s grassroots governance. It has empowered communities, improved representation, and brought governance closer to the people. However, the full potential of decentralization remains unrealized due to implementation gaps and structural limitations.

Conclusion: Decentralization has transformed grassroots governance, but requires further strengthening to achieve its full democratic and developmental potential.

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