Q. What is sea surface temperature rise? How does it affect the formation of tropical cyclones?

Model Answer: 

Sea surface temperature

Sea surface temperature (SST) rise refers to the increase in the temperature of the ocean’s upper layer, a critical factor in global climate systems. This phenomenon is primarily caused by:

• Global warming due to increased greenhouse gas emissions
• Changes in ocean currents and circulation patterns

Over the past century, global average SST has increased by approximately 0.13°C per decade, with some regions experiencing more rapid warming.

SST rise significantly affects tropical cyclone formation and characteristics:

1. Cyclone Formation:
• Tropical cyclones require a minimum SST of about 26.5°C to form.
• Higher SSTs provide more energy and moisture for cyclone development.

2. Frequency and Intensity:
• Increased SSTs lead to more frequent cyclone formation.
• Storms can achieve greater intensity, with higher wind speeds and heavier precipitation.

3. Geographical Range:
• Warmer SSTs expand the areas where cyclones can form and sustain themselves.
• This may lead to cyclones in regions previously unaffected.

4. Cyclone Seasons:
• Higher SSTs can extend the duration of cyclone seasons.

5. Rapid Intensification:
• Warmer waters enable storms to intensify more quickly, potentially catching coastal communities off-guard.

The consequences of these changes are far-reaching:

• Increased risk of severe damage to coastal areas
• More frequent storm surges and coastal flooding
• Threats to marine ecosystems, including coral reefs
• Greater economic losses and potential for human displacement
• Challenges for disaster preparedness and management systems

In conclusion, rising sea surface temperatures significantly enhance conditions favorable for tropical cyclone formation and intensification, highlighting the urgent need for climate change mitigation and improved disaster preparedness in vulnerable regions.